How to crack RC passage - part- 2

[mroptimist]

Here is how you should go about finding viewpoints in a passage :

1. Viewpoint Identification and Analysis

A viewpoint is the position or approach taken by a person or group. On the
GMAT, Reading Comprehension passages typically contain anywhere from one
to six different viewpoints. These viewpoints can be the author's or those of
groups discussed by the author.

As you read, you must identify each viewpoint that is presented in the
passage. This is a fairly easy process—whenever a new group or individual
viewpoint is discussed, simply note the presence of that group. Consider the
opening paragraph from a recent, real GMAT passage:



The World Wide Web, a network of electronically
produced and interconnected (or "linked") sites, called
pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises
legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual
property, notably those who create documents for (5)
inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of
intellectual property claim that unless copyright law is
strengthened, intellectual property on the Web will not
be protected from copyright infringement. Web users,
however, claim that if their ability to access (10)
information on Web pages is reduced, the Web cannot
live up to its potential as an open, interactive medium
of communication.



Let us take a moment to analyze this paragraph, section by section.


Lines 1-6
Not all of the text on the GMAT is presented with a definable viewpoint.
Many Reading Comprehension passages begin with a statement of
facts or a description of the situation. In these sections, no viewpoint
is presented. Throughout this book, we will refer to these sections as
"viewpoint neutral" The first five and a half lines of this passage are
viewpoint neutral, simply providing a description of the Web and the
fact that this system raises legal issues. Yes, "owners of intellectual
property" are mentioned, but since no viewpoint is ascribed to them (as
yet), there is no need to note them as a group.



Lines 6-9

The sixth line of the paragraph presents the first identifiable viewpoint
of the passage, held by "Some of these owners of intellectual
property." These owners have an identifiable viewpoint, namely that
"unless copyright law is strengthened, intellectual property on the
Web will not be protected from copyright infringement. You can
note the presence of this viewpoint element in a variety of ways,
from underlining or circling the name of the group to placing a visual
marker off to the side (we will discuss passage notation in more detail
in a latersection).



Lines 9-14

Not unusually, a second viewpoint is also presented in the first
paragraph. This viewpoint, of "Web users," is somewhat contrary to
the previous viewpoint presented.




Test takers might ask, "What is the importance of tracking all of the
viewpoints in a given Reading Comprehension passage?" There are sever
excellentreasons:


1. Tracking the viewpoints will help you disentangle the mass of
information contained in every Reading Comprehension passage.

2. Within the questions, you will be asked to identify the viewpoints
presented in the passages and to differentiate between those
viewpoints. Answer choices will often present different viewpoint
in order to test your ability to distinguish between groups.


In the paragraph under examination, the two viewpoints are presented "back
to-back." This is done intentionally so that the test makers can test your
ability to compare and contrast different views. Of course, some test takers
fail to distinguish these views, and they are much more prone to fall prey to
questions that test the difference between these viewpoints.
In the above paragraph, the views are presented very clearly, and each group!
easy to identify. Unfortunately, viewpoints will not always be presented with
such clarity. Consider the following opening paragraph from a different real GMAT:



Many critics agree that the primary characteristic
of Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembene's work is
its sociopolitical commitment. Sembene was trained
in Moscow in the cinematic methods of socialist
realism, and he asserts that his films are not meant to (5)
entertain his compatriots, but rather to raise their
awareness of the past and present realities of their
society. But his originality as a filmmaker lies most
Strikingly in his having successfully adapted film,
originally a Western cultural medium, to the needs, (10)
pace, and structures of West African culture. In
particular, Sembene has found within African oral
culture techniques and strategies that enable him to
express his views and to reach both literate and
non literate Senegalese viewer (15)

The first sentence introduces the view of "Many critics" and how they view
the work of Ousmane Sembene. The second sentence (line 3) begins with
a viewpoint neutral statement, but the second half of that sentence (line 5)
begins with "he asserts," a reference to Sembene and how he views his films.
So, the first two sentences each contain a different group and viewpoint. The
third and fourth sentences may at first appear to be viewpoint neutral, but
in fact this section is an opinion, and as this opinion is not ascribed to any
particular group, it must be the opinion and viewpoint of the author. Thus, this
paragraph contains three separate viewpoints


Of course, not all viewpoints are presented in separate sentences. In an effort
to confuse test takers, the test makers sometimes introduce two viewpoints in
a single sentence, as in the following example:


While the proponents of the Futurism art movement
believed that the past was an era to be ignored, some
critics assert that, ironically, for the Futurists to break
from the past would have required a more thorough
(5) understanding of history on their part.



In the sentence above, two views are introduced: those of the proponents of
futurism and those of the critics of Futurism. However, although the sentence
contains two opposing views, tracking those elements is no more difficult than when the views are presented in separate sentences. Again, we will discuss notating the views in a later section.

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