RC 3000 passage 5 - Pls post your anwers and explanations - Thanks

[Letsdoit49]

How many really suffer as a result of labor mar-

ket problems? This is one of the most critical yet
contentious social policy questions. In many ways,
our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hard-

(5)ship. Unemployment does not have the same dire

consequences today as it did in the 1930's when
most of the unemployed were primary breadwin-
ners, when income and earnings were usually much
closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there

(10)were no countervailing social programs for those

failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the
rise of families with more than one wage earner, the
growing predominance of secondary earners among
the unemployed, and improved social welfare pro-

(15) tection have unquestionably mitigated the conse-

quences of joblessness. Earnings and income data
also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among
the millions with hourly earnings at or below the
minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority

(20) are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent

families. Most of those counted by the poverty
statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family
responsibilities which keep them out of the labor
force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an

(25)accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.

Yet there are also many ways our social statistics

underestimate the degree of labor-market-related
hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the
millions of fully employed workers whose wages are

(30)so low that their families remain in poverty. Low

wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment
frequently interact to undermine the capacity for
self-support. Since the number experiencing jobless-
ness at some time during the year is several times

(35)the number unemployed in any month, those who

suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or
exceed average annual unemployment, even though
only a minority of the jobless in any month really
suffer. For every person counted in the monthly

(40) unemployment tallies, there is another working

part-time because of the inability to find full-time
work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a
job. Finally, income transfers in our country have
always focused on the elderly, disabled, and depen-

(45)dent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so

that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind
transfers does not necessarily mean that those fail-
ing in the labor market are adequately protected.

As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is

(50)uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a

result of thousands or the tens of millions, and,
hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tol-
erated or must be countered by job creation and

(55)economic stimulus. There is only one area of agree-

ment in this debate---that the existing poverty,
employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate
for one their primary applications, measuring the
consequences of labor market problems.


1. Which of the following is the principal topic of the
passage?
(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result
in suffering
(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring
degrees of poverty
(C) Which of the currently used statistical procedures
are the best for estimating the incidence of
hardship that is due to unemployment
(D) Where the areas of agreement are among
poverty, employment, and earnings figures
(E) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the
degree of hardship caused by low wages and
insufficient employment opportunities

2. The author uses "labor market problems" in lines 1-2
to refer to which of the following?
(A) The overall causes of poverty
(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force
(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods
(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income
(E) Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor

3. The author contrasts the 1930's with the present in
order to show that
(A) more people were unemployed in the 1930's
(B) unemployment now has less severe effects
(C) social programs are more needed now
(D) there now is a greater proportion of elderly and
handicapped people among those in poverty
(E) poverty has increased since the 1930's

4.Which of the following proposals best responds to the
issues raised by the author?
(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches

should be set up to reduce the level of
unemployment.

(B) A compromise should be found between the
positions of those who view joblessness as an
evil greater than economic control and those who
hold the opposite view.
(C) New statistical indices should be developed to
measure the degree to which unemployment and
inadequately paid employment cause suffering.
(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which

statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena
that they purport to measure.

(E) The labor force should be restructured so that it

corresponds to the range of job vacancies.


5.The author's purpose in citing those who are repeatedly
unemployed during a twelve-month period is most
probably to show that
(A) there are several factors that cause the payment
of low wages to some members of the labor force
(B) unemployment statistics can underestimate the
hardship resulting from joblessness
(C) recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can
exist and can cause hardships for individual
workers
(D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one
time to not suffer severe hardship
(E) there are fewer individuals who are without jobs
at some time during a year than would be
expected on the basis of monthly unemployment
figures

6. The author states that the mitigating effect of social
programs involving income transfers on the income
level of low-income people is often not felt by
(A) the employed poor
(B) dependent children in single-earner families
(C) workers who become disabled
(D) retired workers
(E) full-time workers who become unemployed

7. According to the passage, one factor that causes
unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict
the amount of economic hardship is the
(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a
group of low-wage workers
(B) possibility that earnings may be received from
more than one job per worker
(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include
those who work for low wages and remain poor
(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that
makes it possible to compile poverty statistics
(E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the
unemployed, of members of families in which
others are employed

8. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the
number of people who suffer as a result of forced
idleness depends primarily on the point that
(A) in times of high unemployment, there are some
people who do not remain unemployed for long
(B) the capacity for self-support depends on
receiving moderate-to-high wages
(C) those in forced idleness include, besides the
unemployed, both underemployed part-time
workers and those not actively seeking work
(D) at different times during the year, different people
are unemployed
(E) many of those who are affected by unemploy-
ment are dependents of unemployed workers

9. Which of the following, if true, is the best criticism of
the author's argument concerning why poverty
statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of
problems in the labor market?
(A) A short-term increase in the number of those in
poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the
basic number of those unable to accept employment
remains approximately constant.
(B) For those who are in poverty as a result of
joblessness, there are social programs available
that provide a minimum standard of living.
(C) Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with
earnings statistics, when each is taken as a
measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.
(D) The elderly and handicapped categories include
many who previously were employed in the labor
market.
(E) Since the labor market is global in nature, poor
workers in one country are competing with poor
workers in another with respect to the level of
wages and the existence of jobs.

[KillGmat]

e
d
b
c
b
a
a
d
c

[mrinalsharma]

realy long reading comprehension

it is difficult to discuss reading comprehension question because...explaination for each question would make the reply pretty long......if u have anything to discuss we can discuss that que...

b
d
b
c
e
d-guessing
e
c-guessing
a

[Letsdoit49]

Thanks.
OA:
e
d
b
c
b
a
e
d
a

Could you please explain question 8. Got it wrong.

Thanks

[KillGmat]

Allright,so i got 2 wrong. Not bad..I got the 8th one wrong,so i cant really help you in that..I am figuring it out myself.
Mrinalsharma has got it correct. Perhaps,She could explain it to us..:-)

[sumank8216]

can someone explain question no 9 answer? thanks

[sasen]

Originally Posted by sumank8216

can someone explain question no 9 answer? thanks

9 is asking us to find a critisim for the authors view..so any answer which supports the validity of POVERTY stats is the answer..
only A supports Poverty stats,C and E are against POVERTY STATS,B and D are too specific replies