When the main clause contains While, Although, Whereas, Despite, Though.... etc then subordinate clause can't have a conjunction.
Therefore B can't be the answer.

According to findings derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the area of the brain in which a second or third language is stored depends on the age of the language learner; whereas each language occupies a distinct area of the brain in an adult learner, language areas overlap in a young child.
(A) whereas each language occupies a distinct area of the brain in an adult learner,
(B) whereas for adults each language occupies a distinct area of the brain and
(C) each language occupies a distinct area of the brain when they are learned by an adult, while
(D) each language in adults occupied a distinct area of the brain, while
(E) each language occupying a distinct area of the brain for an adult learner, and
The Official Answer is A, why not B?

(A) whereas each language occupies a distinct area of the brain in an adult learner,
(B) whereas for adults each language occupies a distinct area of the brain and
(C) each language occupies a distinct area of the brain when they are learned by an adult, while
(D) each language in adults occupied a distinct area of the brain, while
(E) each language occupying a distinct area of the brain for an adult learner, and - Awkward

A maintains parallelism....
B has several problems -
1. whereas and and both are used
2. reverse the sentence and see
For B
language areas overlap in a young child whereas for adults each language occupies a distinct area of the brain - not parallel
For A
language areas overlap in a young child whereas each language occupies a distinct area of the brain in an adult learner - parallel
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