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coffee

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coffee last won the day on December 15 2007

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  1. Im doing this exercise from Manhattan GMAT. There are two options, the underlined part and the boldface part. It says, select (A), if you agree with the underlined part then state what is wrong with the boldface part. Select (B) If you agree with the boldface part then state what is wrong with the underlined part. If you do not agree with both the boldface and the underlined then state what is wrong with both and select ©. Here is the problem. The answer is C. I cant understand how the boldface part is changing the meaning of the sentence? The driver took the people for a ride who had been waiting the people who had been waiting for a ride My questions are specifically for the boldface part. Whats wrong with the boldface part? Is it changing the meaning of the sentence?. Doesnt "who" refer to the "people" correctly?
  2. Experts! I know there is Manahattan SC Guide for - SC, Powescore CR Guide for CR, but i cant get my hand on an equivalent good book for RC. Can anyone suggest me the best book (top rated) for RC? Thanks
  3. C it is. My reasoning is same as Mitzi. However would like to know about gimmeenergy's question?
  4. Effective_Factor, Do you mean to say that "Increase in" is always incorrect and "Increase of" is always correct? Coffee
  5. Congrats Blesboy. Awesome score. Are these the books that you are suggesting: eBook on Number Theory, Inequalities eBook on Permutation Combination eBook on Geometry GMAT Math Books & Workbooks
  6. Can someone help me understand which one of the below is correct ? Speak with OR Speak to The following is the sentence and I am confused which one (to/with) is correct Multiple efforts to talk to/with Mr. Jim have been futile.
  7. AWESOME. Congrats man. Can you please forward me 800Bob's notes at saurabhbhardwaj@hotmail.com
  8. The explanation to one question said: When it comes to "money", you user FEWER if you are refering to the number of actual bills you have. BUT You use "LESS" if you are refering to the total amount and dont know the actual no of bills. Can someone please explain the above with an example. Here is the question: With less than thirty thousand dollars in advance ticket sales and fewer acceptances by guest speakers than expected, the one day symposium was canceled for lack of interest.
  9. Can someone please help me understand this SC No one but him could have told them that the king was I. (a) (b) he could have told them that the king was me. © him could have told them the king was me. (d) he could have told them that the king was I.
  10. Samal/Sh_Vivek, What is the correct IDIOM for IMPROVEMENT? I still dont get it. Plz help.
  11. Can someone please help me understand which is the correct answer, why it is correct and why the rest of them are incorrect? After the Colonial period’s 50 percent mortality rate, life expectancy improved for children, but as late as the nineteenth century about one child in three died before reaching the age of six. (A) After the Colonial period’s 50 percent mortality rate, life expectancy improved for children, but (B) Even though children’s life expectancy, which improved over the Colonial period’s 50 percent mortality rate, © Although life expectancy for children improved after the Colonial period, during which the mortality rate was 50 percent, (D) While there was an improvement in life expectancy for children after the 50 percent mortality rate of the Colonial period, still (E) Despite children’s life expectancy improvement from the Colonial period’s 50 percent mortality rate,
  12. From what I understand, the following sentence is based on the IDIOM "Between X and Y" Acid rain and snow result from the chemical reactions between industrial emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides with atmospheric water vapor to produce highly corrosive sulfuric and nitric acids. (A) with atmospheric water vapor to produce highly corrosive sulfuric and nitric acids (B) with atmospheric water vapor producing highly corrosive sulfuric and nitric acids © and atmospheric water vapor which has produced highly corrosive sulfuric and nitric acids (D) and atmospheric water vapor which have produced sulfuric and nitric acids which are highly corrosive (E) and atmospheric water vapor to produce highly corrosive sulfuric and nitric acids The OA is of course E) but I would like to know the correct usage. Is it correct to use : Between industrial emissions of sulfur dioxide (X1) and nitrogen oxides (X2) and Y (atmospheric water) Is it correct to use an AND between X1 and X2 and then again an AND between X2 and Y. Does it not become ambigious? Please help me with the correcrt usage. Coffee
  13. Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called “the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth.” Snyder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that caffeine affect behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and A2. Snyder et al (et al: abbr. (Lat) 以及其他人,等人) propose that caffeine, which is structurally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than they otherwise would. For many years, caffeine’s effects have been attributed to its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP. A number of neurotransmitters exert their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behavioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other compounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not stimulants. To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion.” Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most effective compounds in both regards. There were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation. One of these was a compound called 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), which bound very well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyder et al suggests that this is not a major stumbling block (stumbling block: n.障碍物, 绊脚石) to their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones. 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood (B) present two explanations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences between them © summarize two theories and suggest a third theory that overcomes the problems encountered in the first two (D) describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it (E) challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the inconsistencies and contradictions in it 2. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the theory proposed by Snyder et al? (A) At very low concentrations in the human brain, both caffeine and theophylline tend to have depressive rather than stimulatory effects on human behavior. (B) The ability of caffeine derivatives at very low concentrations to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains correlates well with their ability to stimulate mouse locomotion at these low concentrations. © The concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons in the human brain that leads to increased neuron firing can be produced by several different phosphodiesterase inhibitors in addition to caffeine. (D) The concentration of caffeine required to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the human brain is much greater than the concentration that produces behavioral stimulation in humans (E) The concentration of IBMX required to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains is much smaller than the concentration that stimulates locomotion in the mouse. 3. According so Snyder et al, caffeine differs from adenosine in that caffeine (A) stimulates behavior in the mouse and in humans, whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in humans only (B) has mixed effects in the brain, whereas adenosine has only a stimulatory effect © increases cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons, whereas adenosine decreases such concentrations (D) permits release of neurotransmitters when it is bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits such release (E) inhibits both neuron firing and the production of phosphodiesterase when there is a sufficient concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine inhibits only neuron firing 4. In response to experimental results concerning IBMX, Snyder et al contended that it is not uncommon for psychoactive drugs to have (A) mixed effects in the brain (B) inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain © close structural relationships with caffeine (D) depressive effects on mouse locomotion (E) the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors in the brain 5. The passage suggests that Snyder et al believe that if the older theory concerning caffeine’s effects were correct, which of the following would have to be the case? I. All neurotransmitters would increase the short-term concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons. II. Substances other than caffeine that inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase would be stimulants. III. All concentration levels of caffeine that are high enough to produce stimulation would also inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase. (A) I only (B) I and II only © I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III 6. According to Snyder et al, all of the following compounds can bind to specific receptors in the brain EXCEPT (A) IBMX (B) caffeine © adenosine (D) theophylline (E) phosphodiesterase 7. Snyder et al suggest that caffeine’s ability to bind to A1 and A2 receptors can be at least partially attributed to which of the following? (A) The chemical relationship between caffeine and phosphodiesterase (B) The structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine © The structural similarity between caffeine and neurotransmitters (D) The ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior (E) The natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in the brain 8. The author quotes Snyder et al in lines 38-43 most probably in order to (A) reveal some of the assumptions underlying their theory (B) summarize a major finding of their experiments © point out that their experiments were limited to the mouse (D) indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations (E) refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory 9. The last paragraph of the passage performs which of the following functions? (A) Describes a disconfirming experimental result and reports the explanation given by Snyder et al in an attempt to reconcile this result with their theory. (B) Specifies the basis for the correlation observed by Snyder et al and presents an explanation in an attempt to make the correlation consistent with the operation of psychoactive drugs other than caffeine. © Elaborates the description of the correlation observed by Snyder et al and suggests an additional explanation in an attempt to make the correlation consistent with the older theory. (D) Reports inconsistent experimental data and describes the method Snyder et al will use to reanalyze this data. (E) Provides an example of the hypothesis proposed by Snyder et al and relates this example to caffeine’s properties.
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