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  1. A national curriculum for schools. For an educational system to thrive a curriculum is essential because it acts like a guide. However, in my view, while a basic national curriculum is obviously needed, it should have some flexibilities depending on regions, communities etc. It is admitted that a basic national curriculum at school level will play crucial roles. Firstly, a common core curriculum will make the students aware of the basic principles of the education and the reason behind acquiring knowledge. Secondly, a common fundamental knowledge will make the students informed, and productive citizens. Thirdly, because of a general curriculum, it will be convenient for the college faculty to anticipate required curricula for higher study. And finally, the basic curriculum will equip the students with necessary preconditions that are required to thrive a democratic nation. However, a exclusive national curriculum will pose certain problems. First of all, who will be in charge of making the curriculum? Who will decide what types of courses to include and what to exclude? In all likelihood, it will be the federal legislators or the member of parliaments. They all have some quirky notion of what the children should learn and should not learn. Hence, there will have some dogma and biasness in the education system. At the same time, theses political leaders are susceptible to influence-peddling of the lobbyists who are only concern with their own interests, even these harmful for children education. Secondly, there is a tremendous possibility that an exclusive national curriculum will bring political bias among the children-the future citizen of a nation. The curriculum can be used to disseminate propaganda by ruling party which in turn can hamper the main purpose of education- enlightenment. Moreover, the curriculum can be designed as such it will act as a manipulator of children and certainly, it will have a prolonged effect on the entire nation because these children will grow up with misinformation and fictitious knowledge, that is actually intentionally imposed on them. Finally, in countries with diverse cultural and traditional heritage, an exclusive curriculum might ignite racism. For instance, in the USA, which is elephantine in size and harbour a score of population who are culturally heterogeneous, a one size fits all principle might be proven drastic. Because by creating an exclusive curriculum for all, certain race, culture, community might be excluded from the curriculum. Hence, it will create a gap of knowledge of those cultures, traditions and races among the children at the same time they might contain negative connotation about the excluded communities. Finally, a national curriculum for school might act as a two fold sword. It can enhance and shape the children for future, at the same it may mislead the prospective citizens of the nation about their own country’s people. Therefore, I believe that a homogeneous curriculum will work perfectly when there will be some flexibilities to add or eliminate based on state, race, religion, community etc.
  2. Discussing controversial topics with those with contrasting views is not useful because very few people change their minds when questioned about their core beliefs. Discussions about controversial topics are always useful because these discussions would help us grow as human beings by making our thought processes transparent and letting us come to terms with the world around us. Whether such a discussion changes people's minds since it questions their core beliefs is undergirded on factors such as the person putting forth the discussion and the quality of communication. On top of that, the statement mentions 'contrasting views' implicate that the person putting forth the discussion is assumed to be right, which is not always true. People attach their core beliefs to their identity. So, when they're questioned about their core beliefs, it is akin to threatening their identity. Hence, they defend themselves by refusing to change their mind. For example, the question "Does god exists?" will not be contemplated by several people because the very act of questioning goes against their beliefs. But, discussing such controversial topics requires structured communication and patience. Starting at the top level of the thought process and digging further, disentangling each thought process, and narrowing down the set of beliefs on top of those their conclusion is built upon will not provoke them and provide a smooth transition for them to question their core beliefs. Additionally, when strongly validated people put forth discussions of controversial topics, people accept those thought processes and work on them. Expecting people to change their minds immediately about a core belief does not make sense. Given time, people retrospect on their thought processes and start to think further. In conclusion, the way controversial topics are discussed and by whom these discussions are put forth affect the way people perceive these questions.
  3. The argument is correct in saying that in terms of efficacy, a leader's ability to maintain the respect of his or her peers is much more important than his or her ability to pass sound moral judgements. We know that what makes a leader, a leader, is their following. People rally behind leaders not only because they share a common vision and/or a common cause - which, to some degree, everyone involved does - but also because people recognize said individual as a strong representative and as someone who holds more authority than the following masses. Inciting this emotion of trust and respect in their peers and followers is imperetive to the success and efficacy of a leader, because trust combined with respect, more often than not, results in faith, and as history has shown us, a leader capable of inculcating faith in it's subjects, is oftentimes a leader that changes the course of history. However, this does not mean that the ability to arrive at sound moral judgements can be discounted. A leader is always one bad decision away from losing faith of his or her subjects and inviting doubt in their mind. Also, in some cases, an inability to arrive at sound moral judgement might be an indicator of an inability to think critically, which opens up a whole new box of worms. Therefore, although the ability to take sound moral judgements can in no way be ignored, a leader without the abiliy to maintain the respect of his or her peers is much more likely to be ineffective and fail. All feedback welcome, thanks in advance. :loveheart::loveheart:
  4. In last year’s mayoral election in town T, candidate miller led candidate Keating by a substantial margin in the polls leading up to the election. At the last minute, Keating launched a widely viewed series of television that focused on preserving the natural environment of Town T, a topic neglected by miller. Subsequently, Keating won the election by a narrow margin. This year, if candidate Miller hopes to win the upcoming mayoral election, he must increase his coverage of the topic of preserving the natural environment of Town T. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted. The main point of the argument is that keating won the election by last minute initiative which was preserving the natural environment issue. Now come to that point, preserving natural environment was a previous election issue. We can assume that Keating has done something on that issue during his time. If Miller again brings that topic it will be a copycat and keating can take advantages of it. It won't do any good to miller and even backfire miller's election campaign. Another point is that, Keating initiated that issue at the last point and Miller was almost winning that election. It will be a wise decision for miller is that if Miller prepare himself from the first day of the election and leave no space for Keating for any last-minute campaign issue. That should be the best strategy for Miller. Focusing on another subject will be much more astute decision for Milller. Like during keating period what he was lacking to fulfill. Like unemployment problem or housing problem in town T. If keating is unable to fulfill his commitment to preserve the natural environment then, miller should campaign on that issue. But Miller should focus on what's Keating is lack of fulfilling his promises and prepare himself from the beginning should be the basic strategy for Miller. There is an axiom which is 'Slow and steady wins the race.' By not doing previous mistake and more focus on people's popular demands can win Miller this time.
  5. I followed gregmat's structure for both the argument and the issue essay. I feel confident about the argument essay, as greg himself mentions, it is easily do able based on the structure and I'm pretty much convinced with the way I wrote it too, but the Issue essay seems to be a little tougher and ambiguous. Would be great if any one of you could review and suggest any tips/improvements! TIA. Issue essay question: The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. Essay (written during a timed mock): A perfect leader is someone who not only has in depth knowledge about his team/organization/industry but also has the ability to get things done diligently. A leader is the one who is considered to be the best in the lot and hence the position, and to justify that, he has to possess a strong sense of cooperation, without giving up on the competition, in the right spirit. In my opinion, I think the statement's support towards cooperation is very much valid with respect to the scenario considered -- preparing young people for leadership. I'd like to support the same by calling forth two topics along with examples and hypothetical instances. The history has seen numerous leaders who have rose up to supreme authority by virtue of their competitive spirit, likewise, history has also witnessed these leaders falling apart in short time. What could possibly be the reason? Lack of cooperation? Yes -- if not the only reason, a major reason. Once someone rises to the top, the most important aspect would be to stay there and to be able to do that, that person has to be able to work 'with' his/her team and this directly translates to being cooperative at all times. I'd like to state an example to support the same. The Indian cricket team's best player of all times is Sachin Tendulkar, undoubtedly. And when he went up the ladder breaking through all the competition as the best cricket player of his time, people cheered his talent and competitive spirit. Soon, he was offered the captaincy of the Indian cricket team by the selectors and the coach without any second thoughts. But he failed miserably, as a player and as a leader. Why was that so? Many claim that he wasn't capable of working 'with' his teammates and always focused on being the best in the lot. He was a start individually, but lacked cooperation with his teammates. This example asserts that cooperation plays a formidable role in determining a leader's potential and success in any domain. Secondly, is competition bad for a young leader? Of course, young people need to have the competitive spirit in order to progress and accomplish their goals. But for people who aspire to be leaders, competition could be a bane. For instance, let's assume that a Manager has a fantastic team and always gets the work done on time. But slowly, the management comes to the realization that there is a start performer in his team who is getting most of the work done. In this case, if the manager holds a competitive spirit in the wrong sense, he might not like his teammate burgeoning. This leads to a lot of mix ups. Instead, if he is a person who has faith in cooperation, he would rather prefer walking up to his amazing teammate and have an open conversation about his success and learn and work together, and ultimately increasing his abilities and the team's standards. The statement strongly supports cooperation over competition, which might not hold water in all cases, but very well does in this case, where the focus is on the society trying to prepare its young people for leadership in various fields. In conclusion, I strongly support the claim that the statement makes and the above analysis provides the basis to my support.
  6. Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain. Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position. A country ought to preserve its forest areas because forests are one of the most crucial resources of oxygen, ores and herbs; however, the economic conditions of a country can not be neglected. Many a time, to stabilize the economy, the government has to use some areas of the jungle. Firstly, it is very important to have at least 33% area for the forest in any country to have a stable ecosystem because according to World Health Organization (WHO), 33% forests are enough to replenish the oxygen into the environment. So, the government should make the rules and regulations for the preservation of wilderness areas of the country. Having good control over these areas help in the reduction of the extinction of the species. On the other hand, wilderness areas also provide the raw material for various businesses. For example, cotton for clothes, wood for furniture, and paper. After having such benefits from jungles, the government should work upon the implementation of the laws for saving forests. However, we cannot ignore the fact that without a good economical conditions a government cannot run the country. So in order to improve the economy, the Government has to utilize some areas of the Jungle. Because if there is not a good economical condition of a country then there is no sense of having a rich wilderness area. By doing this, the government is opening doors for various mines and oil refineries because according to ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Company, India) there are plenty of resources of crude oil in various wilderness area across the globe. But, we can not forget the fact that if we want a healthy life then at least the 33 % area of the land must be preserved for the jungle. So, A government must make a policy for the country in which it should allocate as much as land possible to the forests and if it requires some area for the economic development of the country then they only utilize the area which is needed and which should not decrease the forest area of the country lesser than 33%. If these policies were implemented successfully then there would be an equilibrium in the ecosystem as well as the government can utilize only some portion of the land which will help to leverage its economy. Finally, after analysing each factor the conclusion could be that the government should preserve the remaining forests and in an emergency, if required they should use some forest area.
  7. This is my first attempt to write an essay on issue topic. I did it under 28 minutes but since it is my first time i know i have a done a lot of mistakes. I tried to submit my essay to essay rater and it did give me very nice result. gmatawa.com gave me 6/6 and mbacrystalball.com 5.3 but i clearly know my essay is too short for a good score and it should also have a lot of flaws so i want a human eye to point that out for me. Thanks in advance. :) My essay question: Schools should be responsible only for teaching academic skills and not for teaching ethical and social values. Answer: The presented issue is a contentious one. I believe that schools should indeed teach ethical and social values alongside academic skills because we live in a society and it is necessary for student to be aware of the fact beside academic skills we should have social skills and we do have social responsiblities. Furthermore, only excelling in academic and oblivious to ethical and moral values may lead to misuse of the knowledge. Firstly, since prehistoric era we human have been living in a society. Each individual contribute to society and benefit from it. An individual who have good social values would certainly be able to fit in and prosper from the society. He will be well known to his responsibilities and can contribute to the society using his academic knowledge which would in long term benefit himself. secondly, we have seen a number of times the atrocities resulting from unethical actions and misuse of great knowledge. For example, the chemical attack on World War 2 and also the well known atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These horrifying incidents could have been prevented if the people invloved had a good ethical scruples. It is true that schools are actually responsible for teaching academic skills and focusing on ethical and social values will definitely divide the time slots may some time result in paucity of academic skills provided to a student. However, this trade off is fair considering the negative consequences that would result in the absence of it. In conclusion, I personally believe that schools should be teaching academic, social and ethical values because a student with social, ethical, academic values will be a a great asset to the society have a higher probability of succeeding in life than the ones who simply have a great deal of academic skills but lacks the efficient way of delivering it to the society and use it for his greater well-being and prosperity.
  8. PROMPT: "Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives." ==> Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented. As Machiavelli once observed, men are fickle. Though these words were not uttered explicitly by Machiavelli himself, rather by an interpreter of Machiavelli, the premise holds true as a problem in politics. Particularly during election time, the validity of a candidate's stance on an issue, is often the time with which they have held their position. However, demanding an unchanging will from a person is naive. The problems presented in modern society have real repercussions for real populations of people, new evidence is portrayed continuously to give more perspective on problems, and diversity increases with time as modernity offers a more open global citizenship. Though politicians are often regarded as wavering and pandering when they change their political stances, there are more subtle nuances to many issues that are often left unaddressed at the dias. Politicians are often pressured to swing one way in the dichotomy between the left and right, but part of being a leader is taking the time to understand which principles and policies affect which populations. An issue that was highlighted in the previous presidential election was that of vaccination. Though on the surface, vaccination is a seemingly partisan issue, the populations affected by this problem are ubiquitous across this nation. The presence of vaccination, has historically culminated in an average increase in life span and a decrease in child mortality. In addition, politicians should find flexibility in their policy-making imperative because of new information that is available from studies. Correlations are often assigned to variables by mistake not for the nefarious deed of pressing an idea forward, but rather because we lacked proper knowledge of the paradigms and factors that were truly affecting an outcome. One example of a false correlation is the archaic premise that polio was caused by ice cream. Prior to the discovery of the polio virus and its vaccine, many thought that polio was caused by ice cream consumption because polio incidences often rose during the summer time. However, after more knowledge about viruses came about, and eventually vaccines for polio came about, it was clear with new evidence that ice cream consumption increase was completely independent from the incident of polio incidence rise in children. Finally, politicians- left, right, or moderate- are people with their own lives and experiences above all else. Though there are politicians who are known as staunch Republicans or Democrats represented throughout history, people change. In this increasingly global biosphere, each individual will face an increasing range of diversity each decade thanks to: air travel, the internet, increasing heterogeneity of populations. With each experience and exposure to different ideas will come changes in opinion. Without the influx of new ideas forming changes, we would not have the society in which we live today. Tea came from China and traversed the globe into every single continent. The Germanic grammar structure met many a Latin root to form the complex and nuanced language that Vladimir Nabakov himself learned because of its deference to the complexity of the human condition. In conclusion, expecting politicians to hold steadfast to ideals that they have made at the inception of their careers is myopic. The issues that face Americans today are complex and effect real people with real lives. New evidence is mounted daily in the progressing time line of historical life. And each new finding and experience lived will undoubtledly affect individuals as our society itself relies on the tides of change for progress and innovation.
  9. TOPIC: A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. I agree with the fact that a nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. The major reason is that a common curriculum provides a fair basis for students to be evaluated and a reliable guide for teachers to plan lessons. One example of a nation having the same national curriculum is the Common Core curriculum implemented in the United States. Previously, education in the United States was a state issue, and different states used different educational standards and emphasized different topics. From the student’s perspective, this lead to some states having lower or higher standards than others in different skills, and lead to students being unfairly biased to do well in certain subjects simply because they were living in a certain state. When it comes time for them to take the SAT, a standard test taken by almost all high school students to get into college, they would be unequally prepared, which leads to a geographic bias for good performance on the SAT. Having a non-uniform national curriculum also forms a bias in the way students learn, and has an unfair influence on the jobs they decide to pursue, and the way they live their life. For a start, this situation leads to a bias on the college majors and professions they would choose to pursue. If they came from a state that limited their exposure to computer science classes, for example, they would tend to not pick a computer science major in college. In the local workforce, there would be a dearth of software engineers. This imbalance may adversely affect the economy. So, we could see that having a non-uniform national curriculum forms a bias in the way students learn, and has an unfair influence on the jobs they decide to pursue, and the way they live their life. From a teacher’s point of view, having a unified curriculum such as the Common Core makes educating students a more efficient process. The common core standards provide a clear metric to evaluate teacher (and student) performance across all states in the country. Having a common curriculum also takes a great deal of uncertainty out of lesson planning, and teachers would be able to devote more time to the teaching students rather than thinking of which lessons they’d like to learn. Also, extracurricular help would be easier and less costly to access. For one thing, practice workbooks would be able to be used nationwide, mass produced, and lowering costs. Also, in person tutoring would be more readily available. For example, out of state tutors can help students online, since they are using the same curriculum. In conclusion, implementing unified education standards such as the Common Core across a country is beneficial for both students and teachers. For students, it makes standardized exams a fairer basis for comparing academic performance, and eliminates geographic performance bias. For teachers, it makes lesson planning a more efficient and unambiguous process, and additional resources more accessible. A unified education standard would have long-lasting impacts on the education and future success of the next generation.
  10. Please evaluate the following argument task based on GRE AWA scale. ---------------------- QUESTION : In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating, and fish - ing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the river’s water and the river’s smell. In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason River. Use of the river for water sports is, therefore, sure to increase. The city government should for that reason devote more money in this year’s budget to riverside recreational facilities. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on the assumptions and what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted. ----------------------------- RESPONSE : The government of Mason City should probably allot more money to riverside recreations, but the given argument is not strong enough to compel the move. The argument is full of holes and assumptions that need to be dealt with in order to make a cogent argument. The author states that water sports rank top among the resident’s favorite recreational activities, solely based on surveys. However, there is no clarity in the scope and depth of the surveys. For example, the survey could have been conducted among the youth of the city, who might prefer water sports to other activities. Such might not be the case for the rest of the population. Also, the survey could have consisted only a few options under the ‘favorite recreation’ section, thus limiting the possible choices for the residents. We don’t know about the credibility of the survey. To make a convincing case, the surveys should represent the whole of the city’s residents. Since it clearly fails to do so, the argument cannot be backed by the surveys. Additionally, the author states that there have been numerous complaints about the poor quality of the river, and cleaning it would surely increase its usage. However, there is no clarity about the source of those complaints. The people who complained could be the small population that has interest in water sports. Or it could be a small group of environmentalists. Thus, cleaning the river need not necessarily increase its usage significantly. Adding to the unwarranted assumptions, the author also states that the cleaning of the Mason River would surely lead to its increased usage for water sports. This has major hole in the fact that a clean river alone is not enough for water sports. The residents need to have the time, facility, and equipment for sports like swimming, boating, etc.; considering that they are interested in water sports in the first place. It could also be possible that the weather of the city is not suitable for such events, a factor that is not taken into consideration at all by the argument. Further, if the river’s smell was caused by the dumping of wastes from nearby factories, it could have killed most of the fauna and flora of the river, rendering it unusable for fishing, which is mentioned in the argument as one of the favorite activities. Keeping the river clean and beautiful should be a priority for the people, as well as the government of Mason City, but the given argument fails to be convincing enough to compel the government to allot more money for riverside activities.
  11. Question: "Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain." Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position. Response: Mankind's relationship with mother nature had purely been that of symbiosis until the late eighteenth century, which saw a metamorphosis of this sacred bond to one that can be considered more or less parasitic in current times. It was 1600 when the european sailors first set foot on a lush green island of sumatra. This Island was home to around 3.5 million species. The indonesia of then was a land teeming with floral and faunal beauty. The sailors commissioned by monarchies and emerging economic forces in europe, immediately found a gamut of invaluable items for trade this land had to offer. The entire commodity spectrum spanning from exotic spices, orchids, tea to flavour food of the people north of the mediteranean to iron ores and wood to catalyze the colonialism that was to engulf the whole world for the next 4 centuries. After all, someone had to compensate for the highly paced so called modernization of the human race-"The Industrial Revolution". Fast forward 150 years, and here we are caught in the loop, constantly chasing the utopian impossibility of so called cliche "development", defined narrowly by a few privileged, almost two centuries ago. The word "economic development" painting before us a vivid picture of a "consumer based economy". We often begin to imagine- grandeur, ampleness, luxurious lifestyle, big malls, accessibility, popular culture, amalagamisation of trends in the scope of this definition. Time and again humanity has been chasing frantically for this perfection, and what has this cost us? -Poverty, melting icebergs, deforestation, aggressive natural imbalance and extinction, a threat to humanity's survival. It is time, all nations in the world identifed and placed in context their meaning of "development" so as to ensure a sustainable development of their culture and ecological heritage. The present day Indonesia, has about 140 extinct species as per UNEP report in 2012. Forests are gone and in their place are vast palm oil plantations all over. Gone are the days of yore when, spices and forest based products used to form a majority of country's export. These palm oil plantations are investments of MNCs that supply to fast food chains all over the world. Many of these fast food chains are today household names across the world- McDonalds, Dominoes, KFC etc. One very pertinent question in the wake of this realization is- Who is paying for this colossal, relentless modernization? Jawan tiger- a subspecies of tiger family is extinct. Pollution levels are increasing as days pass. The story of Indonesia emphasises the necessity for countries across the world to pass laws to preserve whatever of the precious wilderness that remains in their area of their administration. As seen in context of Indonesia, there are numerous examples of this colossal carnage that nature has endured so as to allow for rapid, haphazard urbanization of floral landscape. There are several factors that need to be considered- First, Countries should strategically examine their development goals and urbanization needs. This shall help them place in context and understand their demographical urbanization needs. Meanwhile, they would also be able to arrive at a more realistic and achievable goals of wilderness conservation. A centrist economic policy between socialistic and capitalist extremes would a good choice to ensure, the monetary gap between the privilged and the middle class does not widen irreparably. Second, Countries should look for opportunities to identify prudential opportunities in the form of green tourism, export items that the wilderness has to offer in modern times, without compromising the natural habitat. Third, a long term strategy must be formulated to ensure, a maximal usage of available land does not lead to its overutilisation. This shall help ensure, the resources at their behest do not get completely overutilised before an alternative technology to compensate for their sparse availability is developed. Fourth and the most important, countries should try to indigenously search for alternative ways to meet supply demand chain which does not affect conserved wilderness. This proper legislation by countries shall help countries maintain a sustainable growth across generations without compromising the delicate balance of nature. Recently, a massive crack in the main Iceberg of greenland was captured by the NASA. In a scenario with polar ice caps shrinking, ozone layer thinning, companies coming up with products such as canned breathable air, it is important we realize as a species that we are in a transition phase of our planet transgressing into an ecological armageddon. True, such precautionary measures suggested will never allow a tribal from dense swampy lands of Mawsynram, India to ever live the great American dream, experience the lavishness, the comfort at promise but this shall surely provide him/her an opportunity to live sustainably a life full of experiences, wake up to chirp of birds, experience the petrichor when the first drops of monsoon touch the thirsty paddy fields. A restraint on agressive anthropological expansion shall help us as a species in the long run to evolve, search for energy solutions, unwrong the miscalculations our granddads had made. As Gandhi said, Mother Nature has something for everyone, but not everything for few. Its time, we put in action what is aggressively discussion in conventions, conferences and parliaments. Let's legislate for a better future of our planet.
  12. I am going to sit for the test in just a few more days. Currently, I am keeping myself busy with Manhattan practice tests. Here is an essay I did today on my practice test. Any comments, critics, or evaluations will be very much appreciated! I could help read and evaluate your essay, too, if you want. Thanks in advance! _________________________________________________________________________________ Governments should invest as much in the arts as they do in the military. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position. Government all over the world has been investing a huge amount of money in the national military for ever. In the status quo, many people believe that other aspects of civilization such as arts are just as important for the society and therefore the government should invest in them as much as they do in military. While arts is admittedly one of the important aspects of great civilization and a government investment in it is a good idea, proposing that the government should invest as much in arts as they do in the military is quite unnecessary. First and foremost, investment in military is an investment in the whole population's security and well-being. It is one utilitarian function that will benefit everyone in the whole nation regardless of their gender, belief, or interest. At the other hand, an investment in arts, though useful, will only benefits certain parts of the society who love to create or enjoy these arts in the very first place. Admittedly, there area big section of the population who either love to create or enjoy arts. Nonetheless, it is justified for the government to prioritize aspects that will be more useful for the whole society when using the money that comes from the whole nation's pocket to begin with. If the government choose to adopt the recommendation, there will be parts of society that will feel as though most of their tax money is unfairly being used in an area that does not benefits them, and thus they will think that the government has misplaced their trust in prioritizing the society's needs. Not only that military is an investment that will benefits every single person in the nation, the need of security it protects is one basic and primary need that should come before other things such as arts and other secondary needs. The hierarchy of the rights and necessity of human surely puts security before arts because the society will only think of arts and entertainment as their needs once their security is fulfilled in the first place. Without the ability to feel secure and free from dangers, no society will even be able to think about creating or enjoying arts in their free time. For instance, if the recommendation is being put into place in a nation that still feel that their life is in a certain kind of danger and threat from other nation, even though the investment provided for arts is humongous, not many people will really be able to take advantage of this investment because they feel as though they could not think about entertainment while their heads are full of worries of their families' safety. Another thing to be noted is that by default, military funding is a huge one due to the default expensiveness of the things being needed to protect a country. By contrast, the money needed to create and ensure arts are being enjoyed does not have to come in such great expenses. Of course, some aspects of art making is expensive, but we surely can not compare the price or the research for military defense to the creation of an album or even a theater production. The arts and creativity of a nation still could be supported by the government to a far extend without needing the equalize the money invested in it to the ones in the military. Sure, investment in arts by the government is surely beneficial to develop the nation's civilization and moral. However, to invest as much money in arts as the government currently do in military is quite unnecessary and unjustifiable in the eyes of many people. In conclusion, I think that that the government should still invest a fair amount of money in the development of arts in the country but there is no need to make it to the equal amount of money they invest in the nation's military.
  13. Argument : Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean. The claims made by the statement that woven baskets with a distinctive pattern were previously found only in the immediate vicinity of the village of Palea. There has been, however, no information provided about the source of this fact and if the archaeological study that published this fact actually covered sites other than those of Palea and its vicinity. As a regression of this, the actual origin of the peculiar basket pattern might have been made a rather different city around Palea or was a distinctive pattern of the region rather than being a patron of Palea village. Moving forward in the argument, the argument states that a basket with the patterns which were assumed to a be a doctrine of Palea was found across the Brim river. As due to the size and magnanimity of the river allows it to be crossed only by boat and no trace of boats were found, the baskets should have been made somewhere on the other side of Brim river. This statement has major loopholes in the assumptions it makes.Firstly,as very evident in the passage itself, absence of archaeological evidence doesn't gurrantee the absence of an item as happened in the case of later discovery of basket in Lithos. Generalizing from specific results doesn't always turn out be a truth as happened in case of Palea village's association with the distinctive pattern. It is quite possible for Paleans to have boats in the prehistoric times which our archaeological geniuses have not been able to discover yet. Secondly, the fact that boats were not found is a recent truth after or during the Lithos site discovery mission or a subsumed fact in the Palea baskets is not clearly stated to understand if the fact is recent enough after the Lithos discovery to be relevant. On a different wavelength, as stated that the discovery of a single such basket in Lithos can be an indicator of the presence of more such basket but doesn't prove it. Drawing the conclusion that presence of one basket marks the existence of basket in the village is rather an extrapolation. This fact can be easily explained by the mention of the Brim river. The basket might have been floated across the river to reach Lithos from the Palean shore. The argument contains multiple assumptions which may weaken or strengthen the argument as has been elaborated above.
  14. Technology makes people's lives simpler rather than more complicated. There are always two sides of a coin, in a similar way technology advancement also have it's pros and cons.But, according to me it have helped more in simplyfying our lifes than making it complicated. For example, in earlier times just for delivering a simple message we had to write a letter and post it and it used to take weeks for it to get deliverd.Just imagine a situation which needs urgency.But, now a days contacting somebody is just a seconds away.This gives lot of security and confidance to people and also even though families are at distant locations they still can get in contact whenever they want. In the field of medical science now that we have so many advanced technologies such as advanced machines like artifical pacemakers, sophisticated blood dialysis equipments ,better ways to handle child birth , better drugs and cures and many more . This has increased the overall life expectancy of human beings. With the latest technology we are able to improve and simplify our education system.Earlier when everything was based on book learning, which was not necessarliy available to all the students but now with internet we are able to gather any kind of educational material. Also, the more the information is spread among people there will be more chances of improvement of the overall education system. But, this advancement has come with it's cost.The improvement of technology has made human beings very lazy.Even for the smallest things of day to day life people are relying completely on the technlogy, which in the long run can cause lot of physical problems to the entire society on whole. Moreover, technology has introduced lots and lots advanced war machines and missiles and weapons of destruction , which are capable to destroy the entire earth. In conclusion, we can say that technolgy has made human life simpler in all the aspects hence providing them with the ample amount of their time so that they can work in whichever field they like , rather than spending their time in trivial activites.It has made the entire world into a global village.Helped in bringing the people together.Though it has negative aspects as well like weapons responsible for mass destruction.But, as we say nothing is entirely black or white, but rather a shade of gray.But the lighter the shade is the better it is, And according to me technology has helped in improving and simplifying the life more than it has made it complicated.
  15. Hi, Here is the header and my answer. It would be very helpful to me that somebody says what would be the approx score and give some tips! Thanks in advance. The following appeared in a medical magazine: "Art and music have long been understood to have therapeutic effects for individuals who suffer from either physical or mental illnesses. However, most doctors rarely recommend to patients some form of art or music therapy. Instead, doctors focus almost all of their attention on costly drug treatments and invasive procedures that carry serious risks and side-effects. By focusing on these expensive procedures rather than low-cost treatments such as art and music therapy, doctors are doing a disservice to their patients and contributing to the rising cost of health care in the United States." My answer: The given argument is not correct and takes some facts to draw a conclusion that is not correlated. In the next paragraphs I am going to show how the text is flawed. First, the text states that the art and the music are therapeutic but doctors recommend other procedures with serious risks and side-effects. The author of the argument also implies that this is a bad thing, but maybe the art and music cannot solve the problem or have no effect in all patients. Also, maybe the risks that the drug treatments and invasive procedures carry are worthy comparing them to the beneficial effect that they have. In order to prove all this and strengthen the argument, data should be provided, for example, the rate of effectiveness of the drug treatments and the invasive procedures, and also that of art and music therapies. Second, the text states that these expensive procedures make the cost of health care in the United States higher. It cannot be said that there is a direct relation with that without data proving it. Maybe there are other factors that affect the cost of health care, maybe the higher use of these procedures make companies invest more on them and discover new, cheaper and less invasive procedures that can lower the cost of health care. Finally, the argument says that doctors are doing a disservice to their patients. This is a really personal opinion with now facts at all to support it. In order to strengthen this idea it would be necessary to present some cases showing the bad practices of the doctors. As I have shown, the argument is really weak and flawed. To make a strong argument, more information would be needed.
  16. [TABLE] [TR] [TD=class: copy]"The desire of corporations to maximize profits creates conflict with the general welfare of the nation at large. " ----------------------[/TD] [/TR] [/TABLE] Some people arguethat the desire of corporations to maximize profits creates conflict with thegeneral welfare of the nation at large. Although some might say that those twoare somehow irrelevant, it is undeniable that seeking for personal gain will oftenundermines the benefit of the general public because there are limitedresources in our society. For this reason, I shall conclude that by maximizingone's own benefit, he/she will to some degree impede the development of thepublic thus will make the public suffer. During these days,we often see large firms and companies dominates the stock markets andheadlines. Although there is nothing inherently wrong with seeking to maximizeprofits, it is true that by deploying more public resources, the large firmsare manipulating resources that could be used by the general public for theirown advantage. It is very common these days for successful people to continuedoing better while those who aren't doing so well suffer at the bottom withouta single hope of upward social mobility. This "winner takes all"phenomenon is a cruel but true depiction of our society these days. Theshocking fact that the top 5% of people in the world own 98% of the totalwealth of the world is a direct result of this phenomenon. Since the availableresources in the world are limited, having a small amount of people occupyinglarge amount of resources in order to maximize their profits will for sure makethe general public worse off. On the other hand,university students tend to aim at working in big firms or popular field ofwork after graduation instead of aiming to make the world a better place.Seeing fields such as finance and accounting gradually gaining popularity amonguniversity students in terms of choice of major, we can see an increasingdemand for working in the commerce realm. Although it could be a result of moreand more people interested in this field, it is more likely for this phenomenonto be attribute to people's desire of earning more money and power considerfinance firms tend to generate the most wealth thus prestige compare to otherfield of studies. By having more and more university student clustering in thisparticular field that directly serves their personal gain, areas such as socialwork and nursing will surely be seeing diminished popularity. However, theseare the fields that can directly intervene with people who actually need help.Therefore by concentrating all their efforts into one field that greatly servesthe students' personal gain, field that serves to benefit the general publicwill soon be neglected. However, this trendof people and corporations seek to maximize their own profit does not alwayshave to thrive on the expense of other field. Since we are living in an erawhere market economy is the driving force of the economy of the entire world,seeking for personal profit can also generate profit for the bigger group. Forexample, by spending lots of money, we are directly contributing to the GDP ofour country thus benefit our country as a whole in the long run. In conclusion, thedesire of corporation of people to maximize profits will surely be at odd withthe concept of general welfare since by having one person taking up the limitedresources will decrease the available resources for the others. However, we shouldstill look at this problem taking into account the long run result, as allowingone individual to succeed can often lead to overall good in the long run. ----------------- I got 4 for my previous exam. Please tell me what grade do you think i could potentially receive and hopefully some feedbacks too. Thanks!
  17. ISSUE: The best way for society to prepare its young people for leadership in government,industry or other fields is by instilling in them the sense of cooperation , not competition. The issue presented here suggests to install the sense of cooperation rather than compepetion in young people of the society to make them a better leader in government,industry or any other field. The claim suggests to create a peaceful and helping environment around young ones in order to get the most out og them regarding the leadership qualities. I agree with the claim at a large extent. Any great leader needs the cooperation from the people around him, or the people he or she leading him. A common pyschological stigma is that a person supports or get devouted to the individual to who once supported or helped them in any manner. Hence a person with a mind set and the ability to coperate with others is more likely to lead them as the godd will from the ones he or she helped will be at better extent. The well knowned and revered great leader of India , The Father of the nation Mohandad Karamchand Gandhi is a perfect example of a leader who, led the entire nation to make them free from the bondage of the English regiments . From the childhood, he was rooted with the mindset to help others and cooperate them to provide a better substaincial environment. A leader is more likely in the need to have some or more agreements with the concurrent leaders of his era irrespect to the field. A CEO or a mere project manager of a company has to make deals with other endorments in order to make their product a more desirable one in the market. A government leader has to keep his calm and lead his party weather or not his party is under rulling postion or in opposition. Hence , the cooperation with peers and with compepetitiors should bi there in the leader to be a heroic and a successful leader. This approach can only come when it is rooted with the cooperative structure more often. However, the young guns need to be raised and make aware to the rather hostile and competitive environment around them, without which the desire to be on the top cannot be got. Although being on top of particular field doesn't neccessarily acclaims his leadership qualities. To be a leader one has to gain the good will and support of the people. That can be achieved with a higher cooperation with them rather than being in a compepetion with them. The society needs some great leaders who are not just dogmatic and subtle but cooperative and aware of their deeds and responsibilites. Hence cooperation have to be there from the childhood.
  18. To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. Response:- In today's Contemporary and fast paced world, each country's major cities play a very important role in deciding the economic, social as well as political status of a country. The major cities reflect upon the overall development and provide a bird's view of that country. However, this is an unfair generalization made by the author that looking into the major cities will give us all the important characteristics of a society. Let’s further look into this. For decades, a country has been divided into two fragments. Firstly, the major cities where Urbanization and development have taken at a faster pace. Secondly the towns and rural areas of the country which provide a closer look into the cultural heritage and history. The major cities have helped in establishing international standards and maintaining the foreign relations. Every major city of any country will always have the best amenities and and facilities be it New Delhi in India, Paris in France or Beijing in China. However these cities may provide some insight into the culture and traditions of that country ,their socioeconomic status and the way their society functions but will not give a holistic picture. Due to Commercialization and the growing needs of each city to compete with each other in the race of being the best, they somewhat are not capable of capturing the true essence of their society and the bucolic beauty of that nation. For instance, to know about the cultural and traditional background of India, looking into their major cities will only provide an overview. Metropolitan cities like Delhi, Bangalore etc have very less to offer in terms of India's history of culture and traditions. To truly understand their society and background, it is necessary to visit the countryside or further explore some other cities to learn about their culture, heritage and past. Another popular example is Paris in France. Paris is no doubt the fashion hub of the country and has some widely popular tourist attractions but looking alone into Paris would not give enough information about entire France like their major contribution in Cheese production, vineyards, perfumes etc. For that it is necessary to look into the small villages and towns and not just the major cities. Major cities will always provide information and various important characteristics of a society. However, one can truly know about a country's culture and society by studying the smaller cities and towns along with the major cities for a more accurate knowledge.
  19. In a laboratory study of two different industrial cleansers, CleanAll was found to remove 40% more dirt and kill 30% more bacteria than the next best cleanser. Furthermore, a study showed that employees working at buildings cleaned with CleanAll used far fewer sick days than employees working in buildings cleaned with other cleansers. Therefore, to prevent employee illness, all companies should use CleanAll as their industrial cleanser. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted. The author asserts that CleanAll is a better cleanser than the next best cleanser in order to avoid employee illness. In order to support its arguement author has come up with two evidences. Firstly in a laboratory study it was found that CleanAll removes 40 percent more dirt and kills 30 percent more bacteria. Secondly he also supports his arguement by another study which says that employees working at buildings cleaned with CleanAll used far fewer sick days than employees working in building cleaned with other cleansers. However both of evidences are based on several unstated assumptions which render the arguement highly suspect. If these assumptions are do not hold true , than the arguement totally falls apart. Firstly author supports its arguement by using the results of a laboratory study which says that CleanAll removes 40 percent more dirt and 30 percent more bacteria. In this statement the author assumes that for these are the only two criteria to decide which is a better cleanser. However he doesnot involve the criteria which cleanser is safer for the employees. As it is given that CleanAll is more powerful so it is possible that it might be using some chemicals which are lethal to its human beings. And they donot affect human beings instantly may be they work as slow poison, like ciggerate. If it is true than it will badly affect the credibility of author's arguement. In order to support its argument author has come up with another study stating that t employees working at buildings cleaned with CleanAll used far fewer sick days than employees working in building cleaned with other cleansers. Here the author assumes that the number of sick days used directly relate to how often employees actually fall sick. It is possible that the office where CleanAll is used, provides paid sick leaves and in other offices sick leaves are not paid. So in order to avoid salary cut the employees of other office come even when they are sick. Furthermore , the author also assumes that only cleanliness affects the health. He neglects that it is possible that office where CleanAll is not used there water is not purified also the canteen do not take care of proper hygiene which will badly affect the health of employees. If any of these facts found to be true than the authors argument will be weaken. The author has used the study of some laboratory . However there is no evidence that these laboratory are genuine and there results are not biased. It is possible that the laboratory has some alliance with CleanAll and therefore it has given the results will help in increasing the sales of CleanAll. The author has also assumed that the number of proportion of number of employees having chronic diseases are equal in both the offices. It is possible that because the offices where CleanAll is not used have more people suffering from chronic diseases and therefore they take more leaves. The arguement has made several unstated assumption which seriously affects its validity. The author's both evidences are based on several assumptions. Unless, these assumptions are not address the argument falls apart and the claim that all companies should use CleanAll do not seems to be plausible.
  20. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. We have always heard of the statement "Jack of all trades, king of none". If the universities were to make every student take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study, that is the story which would be repeated in every students life. The student would know alot of aspects and subjects outside his area of focus but he would lose the in depth knowledge of his own field of study. Great scientists have always demonstrated their in depth knowledge, which has led to great discoveries and inventions. Albert Eimestine knew almost all about physics which made him the master of it. His contributions to physics are solely based on his exquisite knowledge and expertise in the subject. If he were to start learning to dance along with physics the same results are certainly not expected. Moreover the questions of how do universities expect students to focus every field he works in also arises from such a decision. When it's anyhow hard for students to work on multiple projects from the same course, it becomes an arduous job if students are expected to work on courses they have never worked on before. The students after their studies are expected to work in a certain sector of the society. If the student have a diverse span of knowledge the sector of occupation becomes bewildering for the student. Anyhow to some extent the reason to a wide field of knowledge gives a route to a storage of untapped innovation for the students. Only when one tries to mix two different dishes together is when one creates a new one. In the same way when a student is exposed to a new culture outside his own he is able to look for new innovative ways to change one. Diversity is the very fundamental of our society. Just as every person is different from the other we would have students with a huge diverse field of knowledge if they were to learn outside their field. Finally the idea to spread the field of knowledge of a student is a very convoluted topic. To some extent it should be kept upto the discretion of the student and not the university to decide upon.
  21. Hi everyone. I am preparing for an GRE test next week and I am very scared about the AWA part. Here is my latest issue writing (with timing). Please help me rate the work. I appreciate Topic :Some people believe that corporation have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, it to make as much money as possibleSome people believe that corporation have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, it to make as much money as possible Essay Corporation is the main force of the society. We know that without corporations the economy will soon be collapsed or becoming weak like it has happened in communism regime like the Soviet empire. As the world evolves, there are more and more requirement upon this main force of the economy. Not only making a lot of money like its origin purpose, some argues that corporation should also be responsible for its local environment and community well-being. I completely agree with this argument and I will give some supportive evidence in following paragraphs. Firstly, Company and corporations carries the most powerful force in the society. It holds most of the capital and workforce in modern society. Therefore, it is fair to say that corporation, along with the government is the main factor have ability to change things in our modern society. For example, take companies like Apple and Microsoft, with their huge capital, they can almost do anything like helping poor people in Africa or giving scholarship for most students in need in Asia. With the limited source of government only, I believe that the situation can’t be greatly changed. Secondly, it is the corporations that produces the main pollution to our environment. Many scientific research had pointed out that our industry production has dissipated millions of tons of toxic to the atmosphere as well as marine habitat. Furthermore, the negative effects of these polluted waste come much earlier than most people thinks. For example, in my country, there are more than 5 villages that had half of its inhabitants suffers from various types of cancer, which can be traced back to the by-product of local industrial operation. Therefore, it is fair to say that corporations should be at least take responsibility for their damage to local environment and community. Last but not least, Corporation works on people’s mutual benefit. Therefore, increasing the living standard of people should also benefit the corporation. In my conclusion, corporation should be responsible to maintain the well-being of local community as well as the environment.
  22. Hi Folks, Would really appreciate your comments on this. I know this topic is used in the books and could be over familiar - but since this was my first attempted essay would like some feedback. Will happily do crit for crit if you share the link. Cheers, Wizkid EDIT: I encountered another topic in the pool - and believe the below would serve quite accurately for this one as well: The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds. ************************** As People rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. First Response [This was written under near exam conditions, and took me ~33 mins including drafting and writing (however, since this was in the guide book some of the brainstorming happened earlier – as I was reading the book I was thinking how would I write it, so…). Given this was my first practice, I wanted to finish the essay even after the time limit. I've made corrections to spelling and some minor formatting – as suggested in the forum, but no other change. There were about 20 misspelt words/typos – I'm not sure how bad that is.] Our current age is marked by remarkable progress and exponential growth in technology - it might be the singular trait to define the last 100 years. With progress in technology - it's reach in every aspect of human life increases and so does our dependency on it. However - it does not replace the human ability to 'think'. Technology gives us a set of tools to help us achieve our goals and aspirations - individually as well as as a group; nonetheless the originality of human thinking is not under challenge. Thinking - in its purest form - is formulation of new ideas and abstract concepts, is being able to take the intuitive leap and see a pattern from only raw data. In other words, thinking is the precursor of creativity - of laws of nature, of a work of art - or a piece of literature with profound insights. No technology exists yet - that will be able to replace human endeavor in these fields - and is unlikely to exist in the future. Technological advancement has led us to automation, where human labor is replaced by simple to complicated machines. However - those machines are designed and developed by humans only. It is human thinking - that has generated the algorithms and the instructions, has converted a process into a set of rules that can be programmed into a computer. In other words - it has replaced our ability to follow instructions and perform repetitive tasks - not our intellectual and creative abilities. Modern machines, one could argue, performs a lot of complex calculations, takes split second decisions - does things that were earlier held as only possible by a human brain. It has to be considered however - the machine is simply performing as instructed, and some smart 'thinking' human being has been able to create a set of instructions that can be followed to reach a certain decision, or has programmed the machine to perform fast calculations. I can write a program that can multiply large numbers dramatically faster than me, however it has no 'conscious idea' of what it is doing - it's simply following my instructions, and that ability should not be misinterpreted as thinking. Taking an example of chess, when one of the leading human chess players, Gary Kasparov, was beaten by a dedicated chess machine in 1997 - people dubbed that as the end of human superiority. Chess was considered an epitome of ability to think - and was taken over by technology. However, it has to be noted firstly that the machine was programmed by humans only - who created the algorithms for playing chess. Secondly, and more importantly - the way the computer played chess was significantly different than a human. It had a number of dedicated processors that could calculate possible chess moves numbering in millions - an amount of information that a human brain can't handle - and was able to apply the method of brute force to find out the best chess moves. The human element in chess is vastly different - being able to be creative and intuitive - even without calculating all possible outcome. Kasparov himself noted that, a better way was a coordination between a human player and a computer. Thus, in 2005 - in an open chess tournament a couple of moderately ranked human players - being assisted with three general purpose laptops and a few standard chess programs, were able to defeat the ranking human players as well as the leading chess machine then - Hydra. As we can see from these examples - technology makes our lives easier by freeing us from doing the mundane and laborious tasks – so that we can focus on the more 'intellectual' efforts – of coming up with new theories to explain the workings of the universe, of studying human physiology and inventing ways of preventing disease, of describing our society and expressing ourselves through art and literature – and of being able to improve technology itself. Technology helps us in doing all these – quite significantly in some aspects. But it does not replace our place to think. Humankind, in collaboration with technology, can now march into a new era of achievement and progress. Edited Response [This can be considered an improved version – a revised draft if you will. I did some research to get the facts straight – and tried to make the essay more organized and focused. However the basic premise remains same – in refuting the popular definition of thinking and arguing that machines don’t think. Obviously this could not have been written in 30 minutes (at least by me)– however I'm giving it here to get a response on both versions – to get your opinion which (if any) aspects of the 2nd one should have been present in the first one– which would help me in trying these aspects under time constraint.] Our current age is marked by remarkable progress and exponential growth in technology - it might be considered the singular trait to define the last 100 years. With progress in technology; it's reach in every aspect of human life increases and so does our dependency on it. However - technology does not replace the human ability to 'think'. Technology gives us a set of tools to help us achieve our goals and aspirations - individually as well collectively; nonetheless the originality of human thinking is not under challenge. Thinking - in its purest form - is formulation of new ideas and abstract concepts. Thinking is being able to take the intuitive leap and see a pattern from only raw data. Thinking is the precursor of creativity- creativity that helps us understand the laws of nature, produce a work of art - or a piece of literature with profound insights. No technology exists yet - and is unlikely to exist in the future- that will be able to replace human endeavor in these fields. It is true, that advancement in technology and automation has led to creation of various tools and machines – which does a number of seemingly complicated tasks – tasks that were earlier a preview of humans. A modern computer with advanced software can perform complex calculations in split seconds, can suggest actions and even take decisions. However, the way it achieves all that is simply by following instructions – algorithms generated by smart 'thinking' human beings. It is human thinking that has been able to convert the process of decision making into a set of rules, it is human creativity and originality as demonstrated in advancements in Number Theory and Numerical Methods that has enabled a computer to perform advanced mathematics. In other words – it is human thinking only that has resulted in development of technology and its feats. As demonstrated in the famous 'Chinese Room' argument by John Searle - a computer can perform complicated tasks while having no conscious awareness of what it is doing. It is simply following instructions. Even though technology helps us in solving problems, the necessary 'thinking' for it to do so is very much a human prerogative. Taking an example from the game of chess – a game which is considered epitome of human intelligence and thinking – when Gary Kasparov, the leading human chess player then, was defeated by a computer in 1997 – it was dubbed the end of human superiority in being intelligent. Surely – if a computer can plays chess better than human beings – they must be 'smarter'! However, upon reflection we can see that the game of chess requires two different traits – not only original, creative thinking and being able to take intuitive leaps – but also ability to perform calculations as to possible moves and searching ones memory of previous similar games. A computer is better at the second – and thus is able to utilize its superior calculative abilities to derive the best chess move – a method of brute force. But it does not emulate the human ability of original thinking. Kasparov himself was a proponent of the idea that a man – machine collaboration, one with superior creativity and the other with superior memory and calculation capability – is the best player of chess. It is no surprise that in 2005, in an open chess tournament - a couple of moderately ranked human players, being assisted with three general purpose laptops and a few standard chess programs, were able to defeat the ranking human players as well as a leading chess machine -Hydra. It is also to be noted that development of all the chess computers - with dedicated software and hardware, required considerable original thinking from human technologists. From a different angle, one can say that with advent in technology, a lot of problem solving tasks required in day to day life are now automated. That it robs a human being of the daily practice of thinking – resulting in our reliance on technology and losing independent thinking. Granted that some form of problem solving skills is now outsourced – but it is only the simpler, repetitive kind of tasks requiring more following than thinking. Instead of diagnostic determination, medical professionals can now focus on more theoretical research in understanding human physiology, in prevention and elimination of diseases. Instead of doing menial calculations, scientists can focus on more intellectual pursuits of understanding and explaining the workings of the universe, of coming up with new theories to advance mathematics. Technology gives us is the access to knowledge and information – giving us food for thought, the ability to collaborate with other thinkers across the globe. One could also argue, that these represent only a small subset of humans – and for the rest 'thinking' is not required. However with the leisure and freed time achieved thanks to technology, more people can now engage in arts and literature, in music- in creative pursuits. To summarize, Technology does not diminish our ability to think, it merely reflects a qualitative shift from the simple and regular to more creative, more complex. Technology frees us of the mundane, allowing us to focus on the original. Humankind, in collaboration with technology, can now march into a new era of achievement and progress.
  23. “The Smith Corporation should not be permitted to develop the land that is now part of the Youngtown Wildlife Preserve. This sanctuary is essential to the survival of the 300 bird species that live in our area. Although only a small percentage of the land will be sold to Smith, the proposed development will have disastrous consequences for our area. The company plans to build a small hotel on the land. Although they have promised to ensure the preservation of the sanctuary, there is no way that their plans will do anything but harm the sanctuary. There are no circumstances under which this sale will benefit our community, which relies on tourists who visit.” My Response: Here, the petition is sent by an environmental protection group to residents of Youngtown, not to permit the Smith Corporation to develop the land that is small portion of the Youngtown Wildlife Preserve. In this petition, protection group makes unwarranted assumptions about the impacts and consequences when the land will be used to develop a small hotel. Taken all these assumptions in regard, the argument that the protection group is trying to make, will fall apart, if such assumptions do not hold true. Firstly, the assumptions about the disastrous consequences for the area, that will follow if The Smith group makes a hotel on the small portion of the land, are not underpinned by any facts or figures. The assumptions do not state how hotel building will be deleterious to Wildlife Preserve. Rather, the protection group is firing the shot in the dark. The protection group should inquire about the project of Smith group that how the building will ensure preservation to the sanctuary as such they are promising. The protection group should also inquire about how the sewage system for the hotel will be carried out and how it will not spoil the near Wildlife preserve land. If the Smith group is able to justify themselves by providing cogent explanations how their building will not spoil the near- by land, then the whole argument falls apart. Secondly, without looking at their perspective and analysing, the protection group are clearly indicting the Smith group that their plans will do anything but harm to the sanctuary. This is again the case of unwarranted and unstated assumptions. On what grounds, protection group is accusing the Smith group of polluting the near-by land, is explicitly unclear. If the protection group are making such malicious accusations based on some facts, then they should have been mentioned in the petition. Lastly, assumptions about how the sale will not benefit the community of Youngtown, are also unsupported. Therefore, they cannot demand the people of Youngtown not to permit the Smith group to acquire the land and build the hotel. How this sale might harm the community should been mentioned to get the clear perspective of the protection group. However, there might be case, in future, if Smith group makes the hotel, the hotel can serve purpose to attract more tourists from all around the world to see the sanctuary which is just near by, which in turn can help Youngtown to gain economic and historic status. In conclusion, the petition here makes unwarranted and unstated assumptions that it seriously enervates the argument the protection group is trying to make. Unless these assumptions are addressed properly, the argument in the petition falls apart and which in turn, might not help to convince inhabitants of Youngtown to protest Smith group.
  24. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey and resist unjust laws. Write response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. A cursory glance at the given statement leaves an appealing impression. There is no iota of doubt that just laws should be followed and the unjust ones need to be resisted. But the real problem arises when we wish to answer questions like : who will decide whether the law is just or unjust; what if the law is felt by some people as just and others perceive it as unjust; what if the resistance turns out to be too violent and leads to loss of many innocent lives ? I agree to the fact that extreme laws which ostracizes a section or tries to prove supremacy of one group over another needs to be resisted. But, at the same time, some laws are those which lie in the grey should be left at the discretion of government. First, resisting unjust laws is required for the change in society. Various civil wars are example of it. Civil war in America or Africa; French revolution; Protest against caste system in India and many such examples show that, for a better change resisting against unfair laws and practices is required. In all these examples a certain section of society was being oppressed by those who are influential or those who are in power. All these conflicts have made the laws more just and have brought harmony and equality in the society. While the above argument seems to be very convincing, there are cases where the resistance has given nothing but loss of life and property. Terrorism across the globe is an example of it. For example, there are some, who think that the laws in Kashmir, India are not just. Those perverted people start killing the innocent citizens of India to pressurize the government. This type of resistance has not only made the place virtually inhabitable but also, has resulted in decreased tourism there. And, hence such a resistance is definitely, condemnable. To sum up, I think that protesting against an unfair law is definitely not a bad thing to do, but it should always remain non-violent. Other people would also start to feel about it, if it is actually unjust. After all, all human beings want to live in a harmonious and just society.
  25. Hi all. Here is an issue I've done to entertain for the GRE AWA-Issue section. Thank you in advance for any comment on it :) (Note: Sorry for the typing errors. I'm still having problem with the qwerty keboard :s) The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. We live today in a modern era where democracy and freedom of speech are among the main principles of almost every nation. It goes without saying that the more people are concerned about their government and its leaders, the less probable it is that dictatorship and misleadings occur. However, the question whether or not public intervention in questioning governmental issues is truly a factor of well-being, is a rather thorny question. I perosnally think that, in general, it is worth that people participate in the main decisions taken by the government, even though it is possible that this doesn't necessarily lead to their well-being. The most compelling reason to this argument is, to my mind, the fact that in a democratic society, the members of the government are chosen by the public, through a system based upon voting and polling. Thus, it is up to people to continuously ask themselves whether the incumbent government meets with the requirements of the country. A counterexample to this can be illustrated by the former Italian governor Silvio Berlusconi, who let the country become rife with corruption. I can barely understand how Italians could let this happen, without intervening. I think that if a governnment goes corrupt or is misled, it is before all the people of that country that should be blamed, perhaps even more than the governors themselves. Furthermore, in some countries based on a monarchy rather than Republic, I think it is crucially important that people make sure that the inheritance does not lead "naturally" to an incompetent governor. In these nations, such as UK for instance, questioning the current government members is even more important since the latter are chosen "naturally" and there is no ptential reason to attest their ability. Nevertheless, it should also be borne in mind that the well-being of a society is not always guaranteed by the intervention of the public. More often than not, there are contestations, strikes, sometimes even revolutions, which merely lead to a temporary mayhem in the nation without giving rise to to any satisfying result, not to mention the cases in which the situation even worsens. Take the numerous revolutions and uprisings that took place during the so-called Arab Spring. How far did the revolutionists go in acquiring what they sought? In most of the countries, apart from murders and dreadful fights, nothing more was acheievd. In a nutshell, I think it is important that people take the time to reflect on the current government from time to time, since the latter depends on their decisions before all. However, one should not forget that these questionings do not always prove efficient.
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