LouisLin

105.) Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based. The speaker of issue advocated that imagination is more valuable asset than experience. In addition, he also conveyed the information that people will imagine what is possible while they are deficient in experiences due to without restriction of experiences. From my point of view, I partial support the position of issue. Which is to say, I totally agree with the fact that imagination is more valuable asset than experience; however, I entirely disagree with the fact that people who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of experiences. In the following content, I will illuminate my opinions about this issue. Admittedly, knowledge is accumulated by experiences indeed. Knowledge and history which is developed by experiences help us overcome various obstacles. We can also avoid making mistakes the same with those were made by our ancestors. For example, owing to the experience of Great Depression of USA in 1929~1933, governments of different nations all over the world nowadays will mightily intervene in market economy such as keeping prices of commodities stable or investing public works more with a view to stimulating economic growth or aggrandizing public consumption while governments of nations run into economic recession or harsh slump of prices of commodities. Such kind policy and enforcement of governments of nations based on the contribution from New Deal which was handed in by American President Franklin D. Roosevelt. According to the above obvious economic example, we can realize that experience truly play an vital role in our daily lives and help us get over kaleidoscopic problems. However, in my opinion, compared with experiences, imagination is more important than experiences. As we know, experiences, history and knowledge are finite but imagination is infinite. In fact, imagination is the foundation of experience accumulation, knowledge expansion and history development. That is to say, we can take scientific research as an example, imagination like discovering questions; in contrast, experiences and knowledge just resemble solving or coping with problems or questions. Of course, discovering questions is more important than solving or dealing with problems or questions always because the ability of solving or handling problems or questions is merely a skill. As everybody knows, only owing a skill or a specialized knowledge just more closely resembles a well-trained dog and is valueless compared with discovering and presenting novel questions. If you wanted to discover or present new questions, imagination will be indispensable for you. Most importantly, sublime and immortal physicist Albert Einstein ever said, imagination is more important than knowledge. Imagination is able to make great progress to our world and imagination is the fountainhead of all kinds of knowledge and experiences. Nevertheless, I totally disagree with the saying that the person will have vivid imagination when he is deficient in copious experiences or the position that the foundation of luxuriant imagination is scantiness of experiences. Although the position of issue is that abundant experiences will confine individual imagination, in my notion, we can also make use of imagination to understand and comprehend other people’s experiences. Even though other people’s experiences are not ours, we can take advantage of our infinite imagination to receive and experience others’ precious experiences and let others’ experiences to be our experiences. As a matter of fact, J. K. Rowling, a British authoress of well-known novel called Harry Potter, gave a lecture on graduation ceremony of Harvard University which is the most preeminent university in our globe in 2009 and she put emphasis on the importance of imagination. She said she made use of her splendid imagination to comprehend other persons’ invaluable experiences and her imagination and others’ experiences help her creating noteworthy fictional and wizardly novel, Harry Potter which prevails over our globe for so long. In conclusion, although experiences and knowledge have much influence on our daily lives, imagination is the basis of experiences and the springhead of multifarious knowledge. Thus, imagination is more valuable asset than experience. However, deficiency of experiences or novice is not the foundation of abundant imaginations. In fact, we are capable of taking advantage of other people’s priceless experiences for the purpose of stimulating our myriad imaginations. For instance, lofty and immortal physicist Albert Einstein made use of his imagination to present “Theory of Relativity” and the development of “Quantum Mechanics” in present time which were based on classical physics and classical mechanics instead of any fantasy or illusion. Therefore, I totally agree with the former position of issue that imagination is more valuable asset than experience but oppose the latter saying of issue that people are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of existing experiences.

53).If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. The speaker of issue advocated that any means should be taken to attain the goal if this goal is worthy. Also, the speaker of issue considered these idea and actions are justifiable. From my point of view, I totally agree with topic claim because going all lengths can help us achieve success and come into power. In the following paragraph, I will try to detail why I come out in favor of topic’s position. Admittedly, owing to morale which plays a pivotal role in present society, so many people will regard taking action by hook or crook as condemnable and wicked sin. Like Olympic game, if athletes cheated in the game such as taking forbidden drugs or using illegal equipment, they will be canceled their competitions and condemned because they are short of sportsmanship. In addition, doing anything unscrupulously will lacerate others possibly. For example, one person has extramarital relations with a married person and sabotages other people’s conjugal love. Perhaps a person other than one’s spouse win the love battle, their behaviors will be regarded as hetesies and unable to be accepted by most people because such kind behaviors which only pursue goals regardless of processes are always immoral. That’s why so many people disagree with the fact that we shouldn’t take any means to attain goals even though these goals are worthy or sublime. However, to my understanding, results will determine anything and consequences will determine our history. If we focus on processes to much and ignore goals and results, we will doomed to failure and will be eliminated through competition. I took one conspicuous Japanese war history as example. Genpei War in 1180~1185 was notable in Japanese war history. Sea battle of Dan-no-ura is the most famous sea battle of Genpei War. In the Sea battle of Dan-no-ura, aristocrats Tair and samurairais Minamoto took advantage of battleships to attack each other on Seto Inland Sea of Japan. In the beginning of sea battle, aristocrats Tair stood on a vantage point because aristocrats Tair were skilled in sea battle. In that time, soldiers or samurairais couldn’t kill sailors during sea battle because killing sailors was considered to be a shame which violate samurai spirits. Nevertheless, samurairais Minamoto’s senior general, Minamoto no Yoshitsune shot and killed sailors of aristocrats Tair so as to turn defeat into victory. Eventually, samurairais Minamoto wiped out aristocrats Tair in Sea battle of Dan-no-ura because Minamoto no Yoshitsune and his troops took any means to attain the goal which was worthy at that time. As we know, samurairais Minamoto established Kamakura Shogunate and ruled Japan 150 years. The other singular example is the founder and the first shogun of Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu. Tokugawa Ieyasu was a subordinate of Toyotomi Hideyoshi who owned most power and was an invincible person in Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japanese history. However, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had no offspring until his later period of his life. After Toyotomi Hideyoshi died while Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s only son Toyotomi Hideyori was 7 years old, Tokugawa Ieyasu revolted against Toyotomi regime immediately and declared war to Toyotomi regime. Going through Battle of Sekigahara and Siege of Osaka, Tokugawa Ieyasu eradicated Toyotomi regime and built up Tokugawa shogunate though he was harshly denounced till present time. As everybody know, Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan 256 years and Tokugawa achieved his goal indeed. Of course, we can also shift our focus to the person who pays attention to process and regard taking any means to attain goals as unjustifiable behavior. According to the above statement called Battle of Sekigahara, Ishida Mitsunari who was a loyal courtier of Toyotomi regime took part in this war and was of a general of Toyotomi troops. He refused to raise a surprise attack to Tokugawa army while his military adviser gave him such kind suggestion. Ishida Mitsunari thought he and his troops should keep the major principles of righteousness even in the war and shouldn’t take the means which violate major principles of righteousness to attain goal. Finally, he and Toyotomi’s troops were badly defeated by Tokugawa army and he was arrested and chopped off the head. Ishida Mitsunari was incapable of protect and guard his sovereign, Toyotomi Hideyori from any invasion after he was putted to death. On the basis the above striking instances, we can realize that focusing on process and putting emphasis on morale will be doomed to tragedy. In conclusion, perhaps keeping high morale is encouraging, lacerating other people is unavoidable in this realistic world. Since we will hurt others no matter ho we careful of, we still take any means to attain the goals which is precious for us. If we take actions or do anything unscrupulously, not only do we achieve goals definitely but we have most lofty authority to explain definition of right and justice. After all, victors are emperors but losers are astray dogs. Therefore, I support the issue topic’s position that we should take any means to attain the goal which is worthy for us and this behavior is justifiable indeed.

21. The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist. "Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. The interview-centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures." Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument. Dr. Karp who is an anthropologist and his student used interview-centered research method to understand child-rearing style of island of Tertia and culture of that. Besides, he and his students’ research outcome is that children in Tertia island talked about their biological parents more than other adults while these children were interviewed by Dr. Karp research team. Therefore, Dr. Karp advocated that the former research Dr. Field’s research result which is children in island of Tertia were raised not by their own biological parents but by an entire village is invalid and Dr. Field’s research method called observation-centered approach is obsolete. In contrast, his research outcome is valid and his research method called interview-centered approach is able to understanding child-rearing traditions of island of Tertia and cultures of that accurately. Dr. Karp’s argument seems sound apparently. However, after think over deliberately, I think Dr. Karp’s argument is not cogent enough. In the following paragraphs, I will point out several fallacies of this argument as follows. To begin with, Dr. Karp didn’t show us his interview-questions and questionnaires; therefore, we also don’t evaluate his research outcome and prove it valid or invalid. It is possible that children are reared by an entire village and children are curious at their biological parents so that their talked about their biological parents more. Nevertheless, these children regard all adults in Tertia village are ordinary so that they talk those less. In addition, Dr. Karp didn’t tell us how much time children in Tertia Village spent on talking about their biological parent and other adults. Perhaps children in Tertia Village spent more time on talking about their biological parent; likewise they also spent a lot of time on talking about other adults. That is to say, if children in Tertia village didn’t spend much more time on talking about their biological parents rather than other adults, Dr. Karp’s inference that children were reared by their biological parents is totally not convincing enough. Moreover, according to American psychologist Elton Mayo’s “Hawthorne Effect” theory, people under the observation or interview will follow observers or interviewers’ anticipation to do something or answer the questions which questioner want. As so many academic researchers know, interview research method is more incapable of understand the real situation than observation approach because people always don’t know they are under observation but they already know they are tested and observed under interview conservation. In other words, it is possible that children in Tertia village just wanted to satisfy Dr. Karp and his students and answered the question which Dr. Karp wanted in order to follow Dr. Karp’s anticipation. Thus, Dr. Karp and his research team perhaps got an invalid research outcome and unable to prove their research method which is called interview approach is more appropriate and better than observation approach that was used by former notable anthropologist, Dr. Field. Furthermore, even though children talked much more about their biological parent under the interview conservation, these interview conservation results are unable to represent the reality that children in Tertia village are nursed by their biological parents because there is no direct causal relationship between interview conservation outcome and child-rearing tradition in island of Tertia. To illuminate the above statement, due to accidental causes like children in Tertia village regarded talking their biological parents as funny affair so that they talked much more in one interview conservation. Besides, it is possible that one child talked a little more about his or her biological parents occasionally and leaded so many children talking about their biological parents because of “bandwagon effect” which are called by political scholars or “conformity” which are called by psychologists. Therefore, if Dr. Karp tried to convince us, he should provide more concrete evidences to us rather than vague inferences. To sum up, the research method “interview approach” seems inappropriate in investigating child-raising tradition in island of Tertia and probably got a meaningless research outcome that is incapable of proving and inferring anything. In addition, Dr. Karp’s argument over-inferred because his argument was short of direct relationship between his research outcome and child-raising tradition of Tertia village. Lethally, Dr. Karp made a hasty and bold conclusion that interview approach is better than observation approach. On the basis of these fatal fallacies which I presented above, Dr. Karp’s argument is entirely not compelling.

Sorry, I am a lttile bit puzzled. To my understanding, Issue topic convey nonmainstream play an important role in our society. Therefore, I want discuss nonmainstream is necessary for us so that nonmainstream play a vital role in our society. I just want to discuss why nonmainstream is important in our society. Dosen't my issue address the topic task? I am totally perplexed.:(

OK, I have read your issue and think this is really a good one. You use so many extraordinary examples to illustrate your thoughts and prove issue's position. Only one suggestion is that using simple words perhaps let your readers to understand your ideas easily. Anyway, keep good work and hope you have good performance the same as this issue.;)

PLZ comment and rate it and many thanks for your considerate help.:) Issue 53. College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government. The issue is that college and university should be free for all students who will attend those schools. Besides, the declarer of the issue also claimed that these expenses should be fully disbursed by government. From my point of view, I totally agree with the position of the issue. In the following paragraphs, I will try to elaborate why I am in support of the position of the issue. To begin with, it is indubitable that investment in higher education is always a judicious policy for any nation. Most people know, people who graduated from colleges, universities and graduate schools always play a pivotal role in our society and nations and make better contributions to our nations than those who only have diplomas of senior high schools, junior high schools even primary schools. To detail the above statement, most people graduated from colleges or universities have professional ideologies so that they are competent to cope with intricate work such as research and design, invent novel drugs and so on. In contrast, people who are not cultivated under higher education system are always scanty of professional knowledge; thus they are also incapable of to deal with complicated jobs. I took comparison between USA and China as an example. As we know, local governments or central government in USA spend regular money on subsidy of higher education system; therefore, there are so many talents who specialize in R&D and invention in USA. On the contrary, China only has a dilapidated education system and seldom to hear that China government make its mind to improve its education so that China is full of migrant worker who only have elementary school’s degree. Consequently, USA is able to develop high technology and biotechnology industries and become a powerful nation; however, China only can expand ECM industry(Electronic Contract Manufacturing) because China government never endeavor to better higher education system and created countless illiterate people and people that only have lower education degree. According to the above example, we can know that government fully financing tuitions and expense of students of higher education is necessary while you want your country would be in a powerful state. Moreover, in accordance with the above paragraph, we all know our nation can cultivate more talents who graduate from colleges or universities if our government was willing to finance these students’ tuitions and expenses. In addition, these talents will be engaged in special and professional jobs after they graduate from schools. To put it differently, these talents usually make more incomes than those are made by people who only have low-grade diplomas and go into general works. Due to these talents’ high-paid salaries, even though nations or governments totally finance tuitions and expenses of students of higher education, nations and governments still can get more income taxes as compensation in the future. These income taxes of talents are always more than subsidy to students in colleges and universities. For instance, Australian government fully finances education fee of every national of Australia and levy heavy taxes form every national after they graduate from schools and are at work. As a result, Australia is called “No worries country”. Furthermore, if colleges and universities could be free for all students, it is conducive to diminish conflict and discrimination between poor students and rich students. Frankly speaking, there are indeed many students who are wise but short of money. They will be resent wealthy students, society and nations while they couldn’t afford their tuitions to pursue their higher education degrees. Of course, we can get over this problem and eliminate such kind conflict if our government was willing to be responsible for all tuitions and expenses of students of higher education. Besides, our government financing student’s tuitions and costs also can make sure that give all students of higher education system equal opportunity in school system even put them on equal footing before they enter society. Most importantly, nations and government don’t lose any person who has potential genius but is destitute and help such kind person contribute to our society and nation. In the light of the above reasoning, I totally agree with the assertion of this issue that college and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government. If government could do this way, not only our government doesn’t suffer from any economic damage owing to taxation from the people who ever benefited by subsidy from government but government can decrease conflict between poor and rich students as well. Last but not least, our government can create an impartial and competitive higher education system and cultivate so many professional talents so as to make our nation more powerful than other countries. Therefore, I think many countries that don’t enforce this meaningful education policy yet shouldn’t hesitate.

65. The following appeared in a memo from the president of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States. "For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses." The argument is that some chain of cheese stores situated throughout the United States should stock and sell domestic cheeses rather than invest on various imported cheeses in order to improve profits because the five best-selling cheeses at the newest store of a chain of cheese stores were all domestic cheddar cheeses and a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. At the first glance, the argument seems logical; however, after thinking it over deliberately, I think the argument is not convincing enough. In the following content, I will point out some fallacies of the argument. First of all, the president of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States told us that the best five-selling cheeses were all domestic cheddar cheeses but only in the newest store of a chain of cheese stores. That is to say, the best five-selling cheeses just are the consumers’ tastes of the newest store and those don’t represent all favors of consumers nationwide. It’s possible that the newest store located in Wisconsin, therefore, consumers of the newest store fancy domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin because they like hometown savors. If the president of a chain of cheese stores made strategic decisions according to unconvincing evidence, he and his company will suffer no small amount of damage even bankrupt. Secondly, even though the best five-selling cheeses are all domestic cheddar cheeses nationwide, the president of a chain of cheese stores didn’t convey the prices of h the best five-selling cheeses to us. It is possible that the best five-selling cheeses are very cheap. That’s why those domestic cheeses could be prevailing in Wisconsin even over the United States. However, cheap prices of domestic cheeses don’t make sure that chain of cheese stores can make money. As everybody, cheap pieces earn profit less than medium or high prices. In addition, maybe the newest cheese store auctioned and promoted the five domestic cheddar cheeses so that these domestic cheeses were prevalent nationwide. Therefore, based on the information that argument gave, we extremely hardly gauge whether a chain of cheese stores could improve profit or not if those stores only sell domestic cheddar cheeses. Thirdly, the he president of a chain of cheese stores revealed the information to us that a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. However, he didn’t illuminate research method, sample, population of survey to us. It’s is possible that sampling error bring about more consumers who are favor domestic cheeses into survey. Moreover, the he president of a chain of cheese stores didn’t tell us how many subscribers subscribed Cheeses of the World magazine. If just a few people subscribed Cheeses of the World magazine, the survey data of Cheeses of the World magazine will be valueless and it is incapable of inferring anything. In accordance with the above explanation, we can call the survey result of Cheeses of the World magazine into question. If president of a chain of cheese stores made policies according this vague survey, he and his company’s investments are probably in vain instead of increasing profits. To sum up, the president of a chain of cheese stores cited two unconvincing evidence to support his argument that he and his company should concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses rather than continue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese. In addition, the president of a chain of cheese stores also made a hasty-conclusion that consumers all over nation prefer domestic cheeses rather than multifarious imported cheeses. On the basis of the fallacies I have presented above, the argument is not irrefutable.

Hello, Samarfadl My friend, many thanks for your kind comment and suggestion.^^ Hope you will help me ardently afterward.\^o^/

161. In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits. The assertor of the argument conveyed the message to us that respondents who are Leeville citizens told that they referred literary classics as reading material under University of Leeville’s survey. However, the same researchers also check borrowed books data of the public libraries in Leeville and found that Leeville citizens always borrowed mystery novels in public libraries. To sum up the above statements, the assertor of the argument made a conclusion that respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits. The argument seems to be sound apparently; however, we can find the argument is not cogent enough if we read it deliberately. In the following paragraphs, I will point several fallacies of this argument. First of all, some citizens of Leeville who borrowed mystery novels only could indicate that these Leeville citizens enjoyed reading mystery novels. That is to say, these Leeville citizens’ reading tastes are unable to represent the majority of Leeville citizens’ reading habits. As everybody know, people read books which they fancy via various ways such as buying those, borrowing those from school libraries or private libraries not merely from public libraries, reading those by electronic book on internet and so on. To put it differently, library enthusiasts’ behaviors and hobbies do not generate all people’s behaviors and hobbies but only can explain themselves. In accordance the above explanations, we can know that the assertor of the argument made an unconvincing conclusion unless he provide more and complete evidences for us not only put up the check out data from public libraries. Secondly, it is possible that public libraries in Leeville collected a lot of mystery novels. As I know, libraries often accept others’ donations like books or journals. Now I am a librarian in a special library so that I know libraries not only purchase books, journals and electronic databases but also accept others’ donations so as to replenish those collections. It is possible that these public libraries in Leeville accepted donations which were many mystery novels. That’s why Leeville citizens checked out more mystery novels. Due to the collection characteristic of public libraries in Leeville, Leeville citizens cannot help but checked out mystery novels. According to the above suspicions, we can doubt that Leeville citizens who borrowed mystery novels from public libraries perhaps didn’t enjoy reading mystery novels. In other word, the deficiency of collection development of public libraries in Leeville drove Leeville made the reluctant choices. Thirdly, the assertor of the argument didn’t tell us how long the Leeville citizens borrowed mystery novels from local public libraries. From my point of view, it is possible that some ecstatic movies, theaters, writings, video films which are relevant with mystery are prevalent in Leeville for a short while. Therefore, Leeville citizens are probably fascinated in mystery novels temporarily. For example, a sequence of movies about Harry Potter were prevailing in my country, Taiwan. This enthusiasm from movies of Harry Potter also drove their movie fans bought Harry Potter’s novels and put movie fans checked out Harry Potter’s novels from libraries. Nevertheless, when Harry Potter’s movies expired and were not in theaters, movie fans didn’t enjoy reading Harry Potter’s novels again because fanaticism declined among movie fans. From what is mentioned above, we can realize that many factors will affect readers’ behaviors provisionally. However, these behaviors which are stimulated by short fanaticism can’t represent readers’ true hobbies. In conclusion, the assertor of the argument over-simplify Leeville citizens’ behaviors and made a hasty inference that Leeville citizens only borrowed books from public libraries when they want to read some books or journals. In addition, the assertor of the argument didn’t take collection composition in public libraries into account. However, collection composition of libraries has great influence on readers’ reader habits. Moreover, the assertor of the argument didn’t convey how long the Leeville citizens borrowed mystery novels from local public libraries. Therefore, we don’t know Leeville citizens’ reading habits that were fascinated in mystery novels were temporary or consistent. On the basis of the fallacies and questions I have presented, the argument is not compelling.

1. Good examples. 2. Avoid using abbreviation. 3. Structure arrangement need to improve. Anyway, it is a good work.^^

88 "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics." The issue is that technologies influence social customs and ethics. In addition, the assertor of the issue also put emphasis on the fact that technologies actually determine social customs and ethics. In my opinion, I totally agree with the former advocacy of the issue and think technologies have great influence on social customs and ethics. However, I disagree with the latter topic assertion that technologies actually determine our social customs and ethics. In the following contents, I will elaborate my point view about this issue. Undoubtedly, advanced technologies have great impact on our daily lives. Owing to technology development, we can live more comfortable and convenient than before and our life styles can be in various ways. For example, due to internet invention and multimedia technologies progress, people can face to face communicate each other no matter how long distance it is. On the contrary, it is impossible that you wanted to face to face talk to some person while he or she was in faraway places one hundred years ago. Besides, people are able to learn or work at home via computers and internet instead of going to schools or offices. Nowadays, many religious established virtual churches, shrines and mosques in order to let people worship their gods. Many obvious evidences can prove that technologies indeed impact our daily lives, even social customs. However, technologies not only bring advantages but also make a lot of problems to us. For instances, people are bold in speaking their opinions in internet because they can be anonymous identity. As we know, people are always afraid of pressure from group so that they rarely deliver the speeches about what they think. In the virtual and anonymous, people can talk everything which they want to say. Nevertheless, some reckless people abuse internet. They slander or libel others wantonly because the anonymous characteristic of internet. The other conspicuous example is that some people violate other people’s copyrights seriously. If you can observe this phenomenon carefully, you can find out the fact that many China people infringe on others’ copyrights disregarding all laws and regulations. They duplicate music and publications, then upload to internet and share these illegal files to everybody; nonetheless, they are not permitted to do this behavior. As everybody knows, this is an infringement act. Although advanced technologies us a lot of conveniences, those also generate many kinds perplexed social problems. Based on these social problems which are produced by demerit of technologies, one sociologist, William Ogburn, proposed cultural lag theory. He claimed that social problems will emerge while culture, social customs and ethics can’t keep up with the rapid pace of technological advancement and change. To my understanding, confronting technologies and the problems that those caused, many nations’ governments make laws and policies to restrict users’ behaviors and reduce the negative effects of technologies rather than let technologies determine social customs and ethics, even our whole society. For example, many advanced countries make law about intellectual property rights to protect original authors and prevent anyone from encroaching on others’ copyrights or patents, USA especially. Moreover, in my country, Taiwan, my government also uses criminal laws to ban network users from libeling and slandering other people. Furthermore, China government took advantage of fire wall technique and built Great Fire wall with a view to bar its people from issuing reactionary discussions. If people lived in China criticized the authority, they will arrested by net polices. From what is mentioned above, we can realize that governments from various nations make laws or policies to solve the problems instead of obedient to accept that technologies determine social customs and ethics. In conclusion, technologies indeed do great efforts on our daily lives and let us feel more comfortable and convenient than before, even it already influenced our social customs and ethics. Therefore, I totally agree with the former assertion of the issue topic. However, technologies also brought many social problems to us and need us to get over those. As far as I know, our governments confront these problems and solve those rather than letting technologies and problems which those caused determine social customs and ethics. Consequently, I disagree with the latter position of the issue topic. From my point of view, our social ethics and moralities are there and actually have consistent truths whatever technologies evolve or innovate.

14. The following appeared in a memo from the owner of Green Thumb Gardening Center, a small business serving a suburban town. "There is evidence that consumers are becoming more and more interested in growing their own vegetables. A national survey conducted last month indicated that many consumers were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets. And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand three months in a row. Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners this coming spring." The argument is that Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase profits by expanding the variety of vegetable seeds because a national survey indicated that many consumers were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets and the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand three months in a row. The independent valuables, people’s unsatisfactions about the quality of fresh vegetables in supermarkets and local gardening magazine’s sale volumes are positive causes for dependent valuable, the profits from selling the variety of vegetable seeds. The argument is sound apparently; however, after thinking over deliberately, this argument is not cogent. In the following paragraphs, I will point out several fallacies of this argument as follows. First of all, consumers who are dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets are possibly not interested in growing their own vegetables and don’t indeed cultivate vegetables by themselves. As we know, consumers have various choices to purchase vegetables and fruits. When consumers dissatisfy the quality of vegetables in supermarkets, they can buy vegetables in traditional markets or fairs, grocery stores, farms and so on. In addition, if we resent some kind of food, we may refuse consume and eat it rather than grow it by ourselves. For example, most pigs affected Aphthae Epizootic in Taiwan three years ago, people in Taiwan made their decision to not buy and eat pork rather than raise piggies on their own. To my personal experience, I can’t eat vegetable immediately while growing it by myself; however, I can eat vegetable right away with replacement. From what is mentioned above, we can know that consumers are dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets can’t deduce the fact that they are interested in growing their own vegetables. Secondly, in accordance with the argument, we can know that Green Thumb Gardening Center is in a small town; nevertheless, the national survey’ s samples was possible from metropolises. It is possible that consumers in metropolis can buy vegetables only in supermarkets. However, it didn’t mean that people lived in a suburban town only can consume vegetables in supermarkets too. Oppositely, people dwelled in suburban town may have distinct choices to buy vegetables. Therefore, it is possible that people settled in a suburban town where Green Thumb Gardening Center was located are possibly dissatisfied with the quality of vegetables. The argument over-inferred that dwellers in a suburban town were dissatisfied with the quality of vegetables and made a reckless deduction that people live in a suburban town are interested in growing their own vegetables. Green Thumb Gardening Center may make a wrong decision and lose seriously due to the argument’s bold inferences. Thirdly, the information which argument conveyed to us is that the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand three months in a row. Besides, the argument regarded this information as an evidence which show us a phenomenon that more people are interested in growing their own vegetables. However, the argument provided vague information to us because it didn’t tell us which what contents in this gardening magazine. It is possible that this gardening magazine contained growing trees and flowers or make up your plants instead of teaching you how to cultivate vegetables. According to the above descriptions, we can understand that gardening magazine, Great Gardens’ sale volumes are unable to prove the fact that people are interested in growing vegetables by themselves unless this gardening magazine tell us it contain any information about growing vegetables. To sum up, the evidence that were contained by argument are ambiguous. In addition, the argument over-inferred and over-simplified people’s reactions and behaviors while they are facing the problem. On the basis of these fatal fallacies, the argument is not cogent.

Hello~rockbalboa123 and geabanca, both of your points are very constructive. Thank you for providing the other paths that I have never seen.^^

43" To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards." Leaders who are most out of ordinary can be leaders and direct their followers which way to go. That is to say, the majority of leaders should be eminent than common people so that they can be responsible for more duties and take care of their followers. Referring the characteristics of leaders, the speaker of the issue claimed that a public official have to maintain the highest ethical and moral standards so as to be an effective leader. In my opinion, I totally agree with the topic’s assertion because of several reasons as follows. In the beginning, generally speaking, public officials must need to obtain their subordinate staffs’ trusts. If they keep the highest ethical and moral standards, they can acquire their vassals’ high praises and win their subordinates’ beliefs. To elaborate the above statement, a public official who maintain the highest ethical and moral standard assign one mission or a policy to his low-ranking officers to carry out, his junior officers will spare no effort to implement his authorization because his subordinates respect and trust him. On the contrary, if a public official is incapable of remaining his sublime ethical and moral standards, his vassals don’t trust him even belittle him and are unwilling to work for him. I took two examples to prove the above descriptions. The one example is that the last king of West Zhou dynasty ignited beacon in China history. In West Zhou dynasty, the system of government was a feudal system, one king and many aristocrats. If the king was in jeopardy, he could light the beacon and ask for help. While seeing fire from beacon, most nobles will lead their militaries and come to the king rescue. As every Chinese knows from history, the last king of West Zhou dynasty, King Zhou You was occupied with nothing and salacious. He always lighted beacon to please his concubine because his concubine enjoyed seeing all nobles came from any places in nation. However, all aristocrats were angry at King Zhou You and his concubine’s ignorant behaviors. Later, King Zhou You was under attack and requested reinforcements. Nevertheless, all aristocrats thought King Zhou You just played a joke like before and were unwilling to conduct armies to save King Zhou You. Eventually, King Zhou You was captured by enemies and West Zhou dynasty came to an end. The other example is the former Taiwan president Shui-Bian Chien’s ashamed scandal. Shui-Bian Chien and family numbers embezzled country’s properties and committed taking briberies, corruption, money laundry. His official guards ever said that they looked down on Shui-Bian Chien’s personality and behaviors and loathed protecting this criminal. From what is mentioned above, we can realize that maintaining the lofty ethical and moral standards is an important issue for leaders and public officials. If leaders or public officials want to win other people’s trusts and put his policies effectively, they should keep their noble ethical and moral standards. Moreover, as we know, in most democratic nations, people have rights to elect their presidents, prime ministers, leaders and public officials. In addition, leader and public officials have their terms in office. If nation leaders and public officials are unable to remain their sublime ethical and moral standards, they will be spurned by electors and their followers. For instance, Democratic Party of USA lost the president election in 2000 due to former Democratic Party’s president Bill Clintion’s lustful scandal. The other example is that Democratic Progressive Party of Taiwan lost the president election in 2008 because to former Democratic Progressive Party’s president Shui-Bian Chien’s corruption scandal. In according to the above two conspicuous instances, we can understand that leaders and public officials in democratic countries must maintain their highest ethical and moral standards not only in order to keep their orders and commands effective but with an eye to making sure they can come into power as well. In conclusion, when we talk about what characteristics should leaders and public officials own, I deeply believe that there is no controversy in this issue. People will reach agreement quickly and think maintaining highest ethical and moral standards is indispensable for leaders and public officials. If leaders and public officials can remaining their lofty ethical and moral standards, not only do they convince their subordinates and followers, but also they can carry out their policies or something which they want to do more effectively. Last but not the least, they can make sure that they can be in office on the basis of obeying this principle. Therefore, the position of the topic is valid and irrefutable.

Hello~Acrimone, your corrections and suggestions met the exigency and let me know a lot of demerit of my writing skill. I deeply thanks for your honest advice and I will improve my writing task based on your suggestions. RGD Louis

153. "Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively." The issue advocated that students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. In addition, the issue detailed the above position that students should question what they taught instead of accepting it passively. From my point, I totally agree with this issue topic’s claim because of several reasons. In the following contents, I will elaborate why I am favorable to the issue’s assertion about students’ learning attitudes. Admittedly, perhaps some students will feel comfortable while they are accepting knowledge or information by teachers or professors’ lecture in courses. They even argue that there are many invariable truths in our world and they seem unable to call these constant phenomena into question like the law of universal gravitation, trigonometric function theory, heliocentric theory…etc. That’s why some students think we impose a difficult task on them if we ask them should keep skepticism no matter what they learn. Based on their attitude, they even think that accepting knowledge passively by other people is better than holding skepticism while they are learning. However, if students or everyone received knowledge by others passively and accepted the prevailing principles passively, their attitudes and behaviors will hamper all kind of sciences’ development and innovation. I took two examples to illustrate the above statement. The one example is Isaac Newton who was a preeminent physicist. As we know, most of our forerunners took the fact that apple will fall when those are mellowed for granted. If we brought a skepticism to this natural phenomenon , people before 1600 would tease your silly thought and behavior. However, Isaac Newton researched this natural phenomenon which was regarded as trivial thing by most people in that period, he came at immortal discoveries, three laws of motion. The other example is Ferdinand Magellan who was a maritime explorer and the first person proving hypothesis of spherical earth. Even through Eratosthenes who was a Hellenistic mathematician and Ptolemaeus who was a Hellenistic astronomer all regarded our globe as a sphere, most people before thought our earth was flat and referred spherical earth was heterodox until Magellan proved spherical earth hypothesis was valid. If Magellan obeyed most people’s notions of formerly age, they can’t prove spherical earth hypothesis and do a great achievement to present geography. According to the above descriptions and examples, we can understand that bring a certain skepticism to whatever studying is crucial not only for students but also for everybody in order broaden our ken and develop our sciences. Moreover, students and we should keep skepticism while they are learning with an eye to fostering critical thinking ability. To illuminate the above saying, there are many essential affairs that we need critical thinking to cope with. For example, if students didn’t bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study, they don’t have critical thinking ability and are incapable to discover and condemn government officials corruptions, even have to idea to put these defalcators under political and juridical sessions. In addition, if students and we didn’t develop our skepticism no matter what we learn and accept teachers and professors’ lectures and tutorials passively, students or we are possible to convince other people easily. As everybody knows, more and more swindlers emerge in our society. If we didn’t develop our critical thinking ability by means of bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study, we are indeed incapable to expose kaleidoscopic frauds and will be victims of these deceitful tricks. For the purpose of getting rid of fooled, students and we should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.. In conclusion, I think of the issue claim as extremely rational and entirely agree with the fact that students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study and they should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively. If students keep their skepticism no matter what they learn, no only do they can develop their critical thinking ability so as to criticize social turmoil but this critical thinking ability can help them shun multifarious frauds. Last but not the least, holding skepticism while students are learning can indeed improves all kind of sciences’ standard and expand students’ horizons. Therefore, the issue’s advocacy is irrefutable and students need put it into practice as soon as possible.

As a whole, this is a good essay becuae it has resonable statements and convincing examples. Nevertheless, pay attention to using commas to divide your paragraphs into several sentences so as to make it easy read.:)

Hello~Samarfadl, your comments and suggestions are very helpful for me.^^ I will take your suggestions into account and try my best to do next argument.^^ll Hope you will comment my work next time and hope you have a good day.^^

35. The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia. "Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia." The argument is that the number of encephalalgia people in Mentia will be decline because they ate foods that were used antiseptic which are produced by salicylates. The argument also told us that salicylates are the same chemical family as aspirin so that those are possible to have curative effect the same as aspirin. The argument is sound apparently; however, after thinking over this argument deliberately, I think the argument is not compelling. In the following paragraphs, I will point out several fallacies of this argument. In the beginning, the argument showed us that salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin. As we know, aspirin is a medicine used to release pain, relieve fever, prevent patients from inflammation; therefore, aspirins can treat headaches. It is obvious that many people will mislead by the argument and also believe the argument inference that salicylates also have curative effect the same as aspirin so that those can treat cephalalgia. As a matter of fact, although salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, they have different chemical formula so that they have disparate functions. To put it differently, aspirin can release pain, relieve fever, prevent patients from inflammation, on the contrary, salicylates are applied in treating skin disease such as xerodermia, eczema, acne and so on. If we understand a little medical knowledge, we can the statement in this argument about salicylates function was invalid. Moreover, even though salicylates had functions the same as aspirin, this made in preservative is possible to not have remedy outcome similar with that of aspirin. That is to say, it is possible that salicylates change its chemical formula while it is made in aseptic. Therefore, it perhaps doesn’t have curative effect the same as aspirin any longer. In other word, salicylates is incapable to treat headache when it is made in preservative. In addition, salicylates and the other noxious chemical elements that can produce preservative will deteriorate our health. To elaborate the above statement, salicylates won’t dissolve in fat, lipid or oil but melt in water and blood. If we take some foods which contain salicylates, our bodies are unable to expel that from our bodies, as time passes, we will be poisoned. From what is mentioned above, citizens in Mentia perhaps didn’t relieve their headaches but were possible to be poisoned even aggravated their headaches if they ate foods which contained preservative or salicylates. Furthermore, according to the study report that argument provided, we can know that participants in our twenty-year study in Mentia had bettered their encephalalgia gradually while more foods used salicylates as preservative for commercial purpose. Therefore, the argument made a bold inference that the rise in the commercial use of salicylates correlated with a steady decline in the average number of headaches. From my point of view, I totally disagree with this irrational inference because several reasons as follows. Firstly, it is possible that participants in our twenty-year study much paid attention to their diet. They might not eat foods which contained any preservative or salicylates so that they could improve their headache syndromes. Secondly, it is possible that these participants in our 20-year study kept regular habits like not staying up so that they could relieve their headaches. Thirdly, it is possible that these participants in our 20-year could heal their headaches because of medical advancement. That is to say, these participants might take some novel drugs which could relieve their cephalalgia. Fourthly, it is possible that these participants in our 20-year might suffer from any kind difficulty less than before so that they didn’t bear much pressure and could ease their headaches. On the account of the above deductions, we can understand that taking salicylates maybe irrelevant with curing headaches. In conclusion, in fact, taking salicylates has nothing to do with curing headaches based on medical science and pharmacy. In addition, the argument didn’t take many important into account. The argument oversimplified the reason why participants in our 20-year study could relieve their headaches and made a hasty and invalid generation. On the basis of the above fallacies that I presented, the argument is not cogent.

I have read and corrected your issue.^^ You have very good points but some sentences in your issue are not fluent enough. Anyway, it is a good issue because it adressed the topic task.:)

Sentence is verb, not noun. sentence to death = put to death. ^^ Hello~ qgh, I add your MSN and QQ, hope you will get perfect score in AWA today.^^

208. "The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people." The issue is that we can discover and judge people’s attitudes and interests by their look, dress and act. In addition, the argument also claimed we can deeply illuminate a society’s ideas and values by means of observing its people’s appearances and behaviors. In my opinion, I totally agree with this saying based on my educated knowledge of sociology. In the following paragraphs, I will detail my point of view about this issue topic. To begin with, people whose dressing and clothes always count on their indulgences can reveal their attitudes and interests. To elaborate the above statement, people dress up some styles which they like because they want to acquire some identities from others that they want other people regard them as some images which they like. I can take two examples to prove my description. One example is that puberty girls always make up stunning because they want males to appreciate their beautiful appearances. The other conspicuous example is juvenile subculture. As we know, deviant juveniles always dress exaggerated clothes and tattoo some unusual patterns on their bodies. Owing to grabbing identifications from their deviant peer groups which they join in, they dress and make their appearances like the people who are as a group with them. On account of the above instances, we can comprehend the way people look, dress and act indeed leaks their attitudes and interests to us. Moreover, people’s dresses, appearances even lifestyles can provide signals to help us understand their attitudes, interests, even more a social phenomenon. According to culture sociologist, Pierre Bourdieu’ theory, more and more people make use of different dresses, appearances and lifestyles to distinct them from others. As everybody knows, as economic grow up, more upstarts emerge in our society. However, the original bourgeois classes’ people are unwilling to recognize them the same as the new rich, therefore, these former capitalist classes’ people take advantage of noble tastes and create distinguished dressing and lifestyles which are difficult to mimic. Maybe the original bourgeois classes’ people belittle upstarts and want to show their thoughts, they have to use dresses, appearances and lifestyles to distinct them from parvenus. From what is mentioned above, we can realize that we can understand people’s attitude, interests, thoughts…etc. on the strength of observing their behaviors, expressions and appearances. Furthermore, it goes without saying that our society is composed of everybody and each group which comprise every person. Therefore, while we are inspecting most people’s appearances and behaviors, we can discover much about society’s ideas and values. Took Islamic society as an example. As we know, there are many strict religious disciplines to confine Islam’s women behaviors. If a woman who lived in an Islamic country commit adultery, she will be sentenced to death. Therefore, women lived in Islamic countries must bear conservative lifestyles like not showing their faces and bodies. In accordance with the above instance, we can discover women’s unequal social status of Islamic countries by observing women’s clothing and mode of living. Simultaneously, we also can use the same way to understand ideas, values, phenomena of our society. In conclusion, if we observe people’s appearances and behaviors carefully, not only can we realize their attitude and interests, but we will come at ideas and values of a society. On the basis of sociological knowledge which I understand, I totally agree with topic assertion.

Copy that.:D

Very good issue.:tup: But pay attention to using comma to divide long sentences into several parts in order to avoid confusing your readers.;)

188. A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids—a painkiller—to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women. The argument told us that women who took kappa opioids could relieve pain more effectively than men who took KO after their wisdom teeth extracted (In the following contents, calling kappa opioids for short, KO). In addition, the argument also made a bold inference that women should be prescribed KO when they are agonized. The argument is sound apparently; however, after thinking over this argument deliberately, I think the argument is not compelling. In the following paragraphs, I will point out several fallacies of this argument. First of all, the argument didn’t detail experimenters, men and women in the experiment, enough. To elaborate the above statement, the argument didn’t tell us that women and men’s age, ethnic groups, physical conditions and so on. It is possible that women in experiment were adults, on the contrary, men in experiment were children or teenagers. As we know, adults can more tolerate all kinds of ache than children and juveniles. Therefore, women in experiment who might be adults could endure pain of their wisdom teeth extracted, in contrast, men who might be children rent the air with cries when their teeth were extracted. That is to say, KO, a painkiller, may not take away the pain. Besides, it is possible that women in experiment might be strong but men in experiment might be frail. Owing to the different physical conditions, women who were extracted wisdom teeth felt a little pain because they might have solid bodies, on the other hand, men couldn’t endure ache of teeth extracted because of weak bodies. In other word, it is possible that physical conditions influenced on the fact that women in experiment feel much less pain than men. From what is mentioned above, we can know that KO might not indeed kill pain when women and men were extracted their wisdom teeth. Secondly, according to the recent medical science research, women can bear more pain than men. Everybody knows, women will suffer from travail when they give birth to infants. Therefore, more and more doctors and medical researchers believe that women have innate talent that they are able to endure more pain than men. On account of the above research result, we can doubt that KO didn’t work in relieving pain. Women in experiment felt less pain than men because they may tolerate more ache than men. Even though women in experiment didn’t say they felt less pain or comfortable after they took KO, it doesn’t represent that KO can relieve pain, especially for women. It is possible that women felt less pain because they could endure pain of tooth extracted and their traumas healed over as time went by. Thirdly, the argument also made a bold inference that doctors should prescribe KO to women when they suffer from all kinds of agony. As we know, different kind pains originated from various diseases. To illuminate the above description, doctor should prescribe drugs based on patients’ syndromes. A Chinese old proverb goes, physicians should take the right remedial steps to correct a shortcoming. Therefore, even if women feel pain, KO shouldn’t be required in all cases. If doctors regard KO as an all-purpose drug, they probably take patients’ conditions for worse and likely to put their patients in jeopardy. In accordance with my declaration, we can know the argument’s inference is irrational and not totally cogent. In the light of the above reasoning, we can realize the serious fallacies of this argument. The argument not only provided a vague report for us but didn’t take some crucial factors into account as well. Last but not the least, the argument made a hasty-generalized and unreasonable inference. In my opinion, the argument is not entirely convincing.