jpm

yeah we seriously need moderator... plus we also need an interaction arena where somebody can send the kind of mistake he/she or somebody else has done so that it makes the work of moderaor easy.. by mistake i have posted in GMAT AWA instead of GRE.. so plz help me transfer that to GRE AWA, oreover by mistake i have posted two copies of the same issue in GRE Issue sction.. plz delete one of them. Regards JP

given the time constraint u ve done moderately well, there are certain drawbacks i want u to focus on. Firstly u r supposed to show that u have got what the issue states, by enumerating the issue in short simple sentences, then u r supposed to take a stand, either for or against or conditional for or against. Secondly whatever u have written, in clear terms, u may or may not use flowery language, but the meaning should be very clear. Thirdly there is no need to go over the examples in such a detail, brief into will do. Overall ur organization was ok. all the best for ur GRE. Regards JP

84. "In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make signifacnt contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field." I agree that in most cases, it is not possible to make significant contribution without first being influenced by past achievements within that field, but sometimes radical ideas comes from the minds that are not influenced by any field, rather they create a new field, and the people make contribution after getting influenced by their ideas. Contribution from the scientific community is usually secondary type. The contributions are mainly based on some prototype. One of the primary thing in any scientific research is literature survey, that influences the mind towards a certain direction in the field of interest and based on that influence, the researcher contributes in his field. For e.g. rate laws for a particular reaction is contributed by some X scientist, but the prototype of geting the rate expression is given by somebody else. Similarly the reactor design may be done by some engineer Y, but the models on which it is based are provided by some radical scientist. In social science also the contributions are mainly secondary. Any researcher is supposed to do literature survey at the begining, followed by his/her independent research. The purpose of any literature survey is to make one aware of the kind of research done, and what all scopes are there in that particular filed. So an economist may contribute on methods of alleviating povery, but the theories and principles to evaluate the level of poverty he/she uses are contributed from somebody else. But the most significant contribution comes from radical minds. They are the ones who create new fields for the future generation. Most people follow their work and contribute in their own way. Scientists like Newton, Maxwell have done great work on their own without getting influenced by past achievements, because there has been no work done in that field previously. The story of the discovery of Newton's law of gravity tells us that it was a serendipity, rather than any kind of previous influence, similarly the discovery of the structure of benzene was accidental. But this kinds of contribution comes very rarely and they carve new filed for others to explore on. They provide the starting point on which the arrays of research contributions have originated. Therefore, in most cases significant contribution in any field is based on the strong influence of past achievemt in that filed. But there are certain radical ideas that is generated from the radical minds without the influence of past achievemnts. These are the contributions that create fieed for the future generation to explore.

52 “education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony”. The issue consists of two assertions: Education encourages students to question and criticize, and education doesn’t help in promoting social harmony. I agree with the first assertions although there are certain exceptions, but I don’t agree with the second assertion. Education is the most important tool for the children to carve a better world for themselves and the future generation. No education is complete without learning and learning comes from questioning the facts and expressing one’s opinion. Simply memorizing the facts doesn’t help a person do better for himself or for the society in future. It is the learning that enables him/her to contribute fruitfully to the society. Although many educational institutions encourage a questioning mind, but there are some institutions like Madarsas etc where the students are preached rather than taught, and preaching never encourages questions, therefore there are some exceptions to the first assertion. The various subjects taught in school and college, like mathematics, science, history, literature, etc instills logical thinking in the individual. The student learns by questioning himself, to the faculty and to his friends. Many important decisions in college are taken up after much debate and discussion of the faculty body and student body. Although it is a clash of opinion between two generations but the ultimate result in many cases is reform that leads to an environment for better rearing of students. There are some instances where students resort to violent demonstrations, but the instances are rare. The small debates and discussion in college now transforms into parliament session debates or business meeting at high levels. The minds clash and the product is new laws, proposals etc. that’s beneficial for the whole society, such as ban against racial discrimination, voting rights to women, etc. These reforms in the society wouldn’t have been possible unless the existing law had been questioned. Lack of education brings about disruption in society. The riots and violent clashes between various fundamental religious groups is a manifestation of lack of education. The partisans follow the leader blindly without questioning the rationality of the leader’s decision. The educated ones usually refrain from such nefarious activities because they have been taught how to live in harmony in the society and if they have demands then they usually resort to peaceful demonstrations etc. Therefore education does encourage students to question and criticize, but it also helps in promoting social harmony. On the contrary lack of education brings about disruption in social harmony.

79. "Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus better judgement and perspective than do members of the general public." The claim consists of two part, firstly the major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, and secondly the politicians are more informed and thus have better judgement and perspective than do members of the general public. I disagree with both the claims. Democratically elected politicians should work for the betterment of the people and the only way to know what's better for the public is by consulting them rather than assuming the public's consent and making major policy decisions. There have been many instances where major policy decisions have been taken without consulting the public resulting in great displeasure in the public. For e.g., United Kingdom's decision to go actively support United States for War on Iraq, on the premise of Weapons of Mass Destruction. The public was against it, and it has resulted in many protests and demonstartions. The elected officials may/may not represent the public interest, because he/she has been elected on the contingent of his/her manifesto after getting elected. Once the fellow get elected, then he/she may not keep his/her word. The politicians as of today are usually concerned about their own political ambitions rather than the interest of the public. Therefore the political leader or government expert may gerrymand and endanger the interest of the public. So major public decisions should be made after drawing public opinion. The assumption of politicians having better information and hence better judgement and perspective than the members of the general public is unjustified. On the contrary Political researcher's are better involved and hence better informed about the public interst, rather than politicians who are usually too busy in bureaucracy. Moreover it is not justified that one who is better informed can have better judgement and perspective. What's better for the people should be left to the people to decide, and todays educated people have the better judgement and perspective to know whats better for today and for future. Had Hitler consulted his people, there wouldn't have been genocide. Had Tony Blair listened to the opinion of his people, the war on Iraq might have been less intense. Therefore to avoid blunders the major policy decisions should be taken only after drawing public opinion. The educated mass knows what's better for them and for the world. Moreover the public is better informed and have as good judgemental capacity as the politicians, therefore they are the ones who should be involved in major decision making process.

160 “As people grow older, an enzyme known as PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. But now, researchers have found compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart. In tests, these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats. The use of these compounds should be extended to students who have poor memory and difficulty in concentrating- and therefore serious problems in school performance. Science finally has a solution for problems neither parents nor teachers could solve”. The argument concludes that the use of a compound can be used to increase the memory and concentration in students. To support his/her argument the author proposes several evidences. Firstly the author cites that as people grow older, an enzyme (PEP) breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in memory. Secondly the author states that the chemical has been found that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart, and its successful experiment on rats. The argument is full of gaps and loopholes since it presents fragmentary evidence. The premises and conclusion are unrelated, moreover the author draws conclusion based on no evidence at all. The argument is very evidently the result of a hasty generalization. Firstly the author states that as people grow older an enzyme PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. It is nowhere stated that the enzyme is there at young age or not, and even if it is there it plays the same role as it does in older people. Therefore the author’s argument of using the compound to alleviate the problem of memory and concentration in children is baseless; it may have no effect or adverse effect on the children’s memory. The author should have shown evidences that the same enzyme acts in the same way in children to support his argument. Furthermore the author presents experimental data on rats. The author doesn’t present anywhere whether the above experiments have been carried out on higher mammals like gibbons etc or not. If the experiments have not been done, then the argument by the author to extend the experiments on human child is hopelessly unethical. If the experiments have been done then proper channel should be used to verify the authenticity of the medicine with regard to people of certain specification and prescribed for those people only. The author should have presented data on successful results on higher animals to strengthen his argument. Moreover, there is an experimental evidence for memory improvement only, therefore the extrapolation of the results to concentration is totally unjustified. The author should have presented successful experimental results to support his claim on concentration improvement. Finally the author’s argument that science finally has a solution for problems neither parents nor teachers could solve, is stated without any evidence. The memory and concentration problem of the children might be solved by proper counseling and guidance by the parents and teachers, on which the author has not done any investigation. The argument is a result of a huge speculation in which the author has comfortably assumed a considerable amount of data. Had the author taken the above discussed factors into view, it would have rendered the argument irrefutable. But whatever presented fails to provide a holistic picture to the superfluous claims being made.

98. The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals. "in a laboratory study of liquid antibacterial hand soaps, a concentrated solution of Nadasept killed 40 percent more bacteria than the liquid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. During a subsequent test of Nadasept at our hospital in Saluda, that hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection than did any of the other hospitals in our group. Therefore, to prevent serious patient infections, we should supply Nadasept at all hand washing stations throughout our hospital system." The argument cocludes that the present hand soap solution should be replaced by another soap solution called Nadasept. The author presents many evidences to support his/her argument. Firstly the author presents experimental evidence at laboratory to prove that Nadasept is more effective than the present soap solution. Secondly the author cites another experimental evidence, at one of the group of hospital to corroborate his argument. although, at first glance the evidences seem convincing, but a closer look will reveal that the argument is full of gaps and loop holes since it presents fragmentary evidence. The case specific results are generalized. Therefore the argument is very evidently the result of a hasty generalization and hence seriously flawed. As per the memo the experimental studies showed that the concentration solution of Nadasept killed 40 percent more bacteria than the liquid hand soaps currently used in their hospital. There is no mention of the content of the current liquid soap, it may as well be dilute form of Nadasept, therefore using the current soap in concentrated form may solve the problem. The author should have mentioned the chemical composition of the two soap solution to clarify the ambiguity. Secondly, there is a mention that it kills 40 % more bacteria, and there is no mention of its effect on other microbes, which may as well be present in the wards. Hence Nadasept may not be effective if some other kind of infection is prevalent in the hospital, on which the present soap solution may be effective. In that case replacement of the present soap will have negative consequences on the patients health condition. The author should have given more information on its effectiveness on other microbes as compared to the present soap to strengthen his argument. The presentation of a test case where the particular area of a hospital showed fewer cases after using Nadasept, may not be actually due to the new soap solution at all. There could be several other reasons for the particular behavior. The immunity of the patient in that particular ward may be stronger and hence less infection, furthermore that particular ward may be cleaner compared to other wards, where the chance of infection could be more. Lastly, there could be prevalance of bacteria in that ward, resulting in more effectiveness of Nadasept. The author should have elucidated the condition of the hospitals. If the condtion at all the hospitals are uniform, then it could have strengthened the author's argument. Furthermore there is no proof that the soap solution will be suitable for all. There could be many patients who are allergic to that particular chemical, hence on one hand it may solve a problem of infection and other hand it may create a problem of alleric reaction. The author should have presented data on the suitability of Nadasept on various patients. The argument is the result of a huge speculation in which the author has comfortably assumed a considerable amount of data. Had the autor taken the above discussed factors into view, it would have rendered the argument irrefutable. But whatever presented fails to provide a holistic picture to the superfluous claims being made.

Sonali... Ur essay is good I wud rate it 5/6 :tup: . It has following salient features: 1. consise 2.neatly expressed in an organized way 3. Great examples 4. shows good vocab Regards JP

Using air conditioner (AC) and fan both in order to cut down electricity cost rather than using either to save money on electricity is an incorrect recommendation by the author. This could lead to increase in electricity cost rather than decrease. The surprising factor for the author that despite wide geographic variations people are experiencing rising cost of electricity, in fact is not so surprising. The author might have surveyed about the tax system of the country but he doesn’t discuss about the same, therefore it is difficult to argue whether the rise in taxes could be factor in rise in electricity cost. Moreover the author doesn’t provide any clue whether his survey results are from a particular location or he has randomly sampled from various part of the country. If he has sampled from a particular location then his results are biased and it doesn’t show overall picture of the electricity cost rise. This could be the effect of one of the several factors or the cumulative effect of the factor like shortage of water due to lack of rain could cause rise in electricity cost (power export cost), there could be rise in tax at state level, however small it may be it could lead to rise in electricity cost since the author doesn’t discuss anything about the magnitude of rise therefore this factor can also add to the rise. Moreover the author doesn’t report anything about the period of his survey, since the electricity cost rises in summer compared to winter (consumption of more electricity, due to more use of fan, AC, etc) so the periodic rise in electricity will periodically fall down too. The author claims that the cost paid by the citizens who use only fan is more compared to those who use only AC. Again, the author doesn’t discuss about the location of the people he has surveyed. Since geographical location plays an important role in the electricity cost, so it will not be fair to compare the electricity cost of the consumers at different locations, because the per unit electricity generation cost may be very different from one location to another. Furthermore there could be several other factors acting individually or cumulatively resulting in more electricity cost for the only fan user, although the per unit electrical consumption of the fan may be less compared to that of AC. The author doesn’t mention about the number of units of fans/ AC used by the consumer. If the author is comparing the electricity cost of consumers at the same location and those who are using the same number of units then the comparison is valid else not. Moreover the author doesn’t talk about the number of hours of the electricity consumption, it can happen that the fan user consumers on whom he has surveyed may be consuming electricity for more number of hours in a given period and hence more electricity cost. There are other electrical devices too that the author doesn’t talk about; it could happen that the consumer who is using fan could be using some other appliance which is adding to the electricity cost. Finally the author claims that consumers who use AC and fan both pay less electricity cost compared to those who use either of them. There could be several factors leading to this result, as discussed in previous paragraph. If all other factors are same then those consumers who use both as surveyed by the author may be using different quality AC/fan which consumes less power and hence less electricity cost. There could be another possibility that the author might have surveyed one consumer using both may have tampered with the meter reading and hence he/she is paying less electricity cost. Therefore the author’s argument contains serious flaw that the consumers should use both AC and fan instead of using either of them to save electricity cost. Instead the consumer should use either of them or both economically in order to save electricity cost.

109: "The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves." Advertisement was a mean followed by industries to make aware the customers about their product and woo them to buy it for their unique features and superior qualities. The motive behind advertisement remains the same for many products, but for some products like beauty and cosmetic industries the motive has changed to attract the attention of the consumers towards their product through the models appearing in the ad. People try to imitate those models and suffer from adverse results. Therefore the practice of advertisement where the motive of the advertiser is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will be like the person in the ad may be effective in selling the products but it also makes people feel inferior rather then better about themselves. But in some cases it does helps customer feel better about them. Many advertisements except the beauty and cosmetic products focus on the quality of the product and their unique features rather then the person endorsing the product. Products like detergents attract the consumer for its effectiveness in cleaning, and electronic goods like washing machine and Air conditioners attract the consumers through its unique features and qualities rather then the personality endorsing it. Advertisers know that in this world of global consumerism, intelligent customers can’t be duped to buy their product for long, if their product is not truly superior. Therefore, the people appearing in those advertisements are usually ordinary models who try to show complete satisfaction with the concerned product. The beauty and cosmetic product market is an exception. The common beauty crazy people go for that product which is endorsed by big personalities. Therefore beauty industries spend a lot of money on hiring famous personalities on endorsing their products. Although many people buy the product to be like those personalities, but many conscious customers consult dermatologist before using any cosmetic. Even though the products with famous personalities as endorser may sell like hot cakes in short run, but if the customer is not satisfied or if the customer comes across better product, then the sell of product may go down in long run. Hence beauty industry should focus on continuous bettering of their product as well if they want to stay ahead in the overcrowded and highly competitive market. Although some products are sold because the consumer like to be like the person in the ad, nevertheless it can’t be claimed that it helps people feel better about themselves. Rather the consumer feels inferior and tries to imitate the person in the ad. This imitation has resulted in many bad effects, like many girls suffered from anorexia while crash dieting to get an ultra-slim figure like the models on ad. Many more go for cosmetic surgery in order to get perfect facial features and body like the models. This shows that many ads have wooed the customers to the model rather than their products. The beauty and cosmetic industries may have diverted the attention of the consumer toward the model rather then on the product itself, but the ads on automobiles, electronic gadgets with famous personalities as the models act as a catalyst in the sell of the product. Moreover it helps people feel better about them as they are using the same product as their favorite star. Therefore the purpose of the advertisement is sometimes to make consumer buy a product so that they will be like the person in the ad. But many a times the purpose of the advertisement is to attract the customer towards the unique and superior features of their product. In most cases (beauty and cosmetic product) the former practice makes people feel inferior rather then better about themselves. But in some cases (detergents, electronic goods) it does make people feel better about them. Regards JP

"The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves." Advertisement was a mean followed by industries to make aware the customers about their product and woo them to buy it for their unique features and superior qualities. The motive behind advertisement remains the same for many products, but for some products like beauty and cosmetic industries the motive has changed to attract the attention of the consumers towards their product through the models appearing in the ad. People try to imitate those models and suffer from adverse results. Therefore the practice of advertisement where the motive of the advertiser is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will be like the person in the ad may be effective in selling the products but it also makes people feel inferior rather then better about themselves. But in some cases it does helps customer feel better about them. Many advertisements except the beauty and cosmetic products focus on the quality of the product and their unique features rather then the person endorsing the product. Products like detergents attract the consumer for its effectiveness in cleaning, and electronic goods like washing machine and Air conditioners attract the consumers through its unique features and qualities rather then the personality endorsing it. Advertisers know that in this world of global consumerism, intelligent customers can’t be duped to buy their product for long, if their product is not truly superior. Therefore, the people appearing in those advertisements are usually ordinary models who try to show complete satisfaction with the concerned product. The beauty and cosmetic product market is an exception. The common beauty crazy people go for that product which is endorsed by big personalities. Therefore beauty industries spend a lot of money on hiring famous personalities on endorsing their products. Although many people buy the product to be like those personalities, but many conscious customers consult dermatologist before using any cosmetic. Even though the products with famous personalities as endorser may sell like hot cakes in short run, but if the customer is not satisfied or if the customer comes across better product, then the sell of product may go down in long run. Hence beauty industry should focus on continuous bettering of their product as well if they want to stay ahead in the overcrowded and highly competitive market. Although some products are sold because the consumer like to be like the person in the ad, nevertheless it can’t be claimed that it helps people feel better about themselves. Rather the consumer feels inferior and tries to imitate the person in the ad. This imitation has resulted in many bad effects, like many girls suffered from anorexia while crash dieting to get an ultra-slim figure like the models on ad. Many more go for cosmetic surgery in order to get perfect facial features and body like the models. This shows that many ads have wooed the customers to the model rather than their products. The beauty and cosmetic industries may have diverted the attention of the consumer toward the model rather then on the product itself, but the ads on automobiles, electronic gadgets with famous personalities as the models act as a catalyst in the sell of the product. Moreover it helps people feel better about them as they are using the same product as their favorite star. Therefore the purpose of the advertisement is sometimes to make consumer buy a product so that they will be like the person in the ad. But many a times the purpose of the advertisement is to attract the customer towards the unique and superior features of their product. In most cases (beauty and cosmetic product) the former practice makes people feel inferior rather then better about themselves. But in some cases (detergents, electronic goods) it does make people feel better about them. Regards JP

i think the correct answers r as follows: 15>c 16>d 17>b 18>d 19>b 20>a 21>d 22>e JPM