sonali

160"The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little." The issue statement asserts that to become an effective leader, one should remain loyal to particular principles and objectives. I strongly agree with the issue statement. By shifting the principles and objectives consistently the leader eventually jeopardizes his leadership. First consider the obligations of the leader in business field. In business field, effective leader is one who strive arduously for achieving profit in the business. Thus to persist for a long time, effective leader should innovate new tactics of business. However, while assuring for gain from business he should not disavow modesty and principles of business. He should also ensure about the quality of products. There should not be compromise between consumer satisfaction and profit, both should be acquired simultaneously. One who disobeys these rules would ultimately end up in disaster. Furthermore, as commitment to particular principles and objectives is the key of success for effective leadership in business, political field is not exception from it. History is replete with examples where several prominent leaders carried out effective leadership successfully by adhering to certain principles. For example, iconoclasts like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King fought against British Government and racial oppression respectively and spread the message of equal rights all over the world. No one would deny accepting them as effective leaders. Though they faced several obstacles and adversities on their journey, their strong perseverance never let them allow digressing from their principles and objectives. Admittedly, for effective leadership to endure, commitment to not maligned principles and objectives is an indispensable need. We can observe that tyrants like Hitler and Stalin were able to establish their threat among people only because of their strong determination and oppressive principles. Nevertheless, such power invariably experience downfall in long term. Additionally, the leader who always fickle in his decisions and promises would ultimately end up in achieving nothing. In sum, commitment to certain principles and objectives is the most eminent characteristic of an effective leader. Thus for survival in long term, it is imperative to follow honestly the principles and objectives of leadership. One who fails to act as per the principles and objectives would eventually effaced from leadership.

In the recommendation, the manager claims that the appointment of new President Rosa Winnings for Fancy Toy Company would increase their profit. To support the claim author points our the profit of Starlight Jewelry, whose incumbent President is Rosa Winnings. After careful scrutiny I found this argument specious and unreasonable on several grounds. Firstly, the decrease in the profit rate of the Fancy Toy Company does not essentially prove that the incumbent President Pat Salvo is solely responsible for that. It is entirely possible that during last three quarters the competition has increased. Moreover, there might be several other new toy shops opened recently thus causing impact on overall profit. Thus, it certainly not proves the disability of current president Pat Salvo. Thus, author's claim that the present President of the company is responsible for the fall of profit is invalid. Secondly, the increased profit of Starlight Jewelry cannot certainly ensure the profit of Fancy Toy Company. Moreover, in terms of commodities, Starlight Jewelry is totally different from Fancy Toy Company. It might be the case that people are more predisposed to buy jewelry rather than buying toys. It is entirely possible that the tremendous profit of Starlight Jewelry is because more people might get married during that period. That might be reason of profit gain for Starlight jewelry. Thus by comparing sales of two different shops author cannot demand for resignation of the incumbent President Pat Salvo. Thirdly, the appointment of Rosa Winnings as new President does not ensure profit for the Fancy Toy Company. It is entirely possible that there might be several other reasons for decrease in profit of Fancy Toy Company. We cannot deny the possibility that the decreased rate of profit is because of bad customer service. Additionally, it is entirely possible that fancy Toy Company lacks toys that mostly attracts kids, that's why people do not prefer to buy toys from Fancy Toy Company. Thus in any of the possibility, author cannot claim that President Pat is inefficient for the position and the new President would ensure the profit of the company. In conclusion, the argument is totally unconvincing. To bolster the argument author should provide the valid proof that the incumbent President Pat is solely responsible for the decreasing the profit of the company. Also, instead comparing profit with jewelry shop author should compare it with other toys shop, to ensure the validity of the claim. Moreover, the author should ensure that appointment of new President Rosa would contribute for tremendous profit for the Fancy Toy Company and would persists the same for long time.

110The following appeared in a memo from the Principal of Sherwood Junior High School. "It appears that the lighting in Sherwood High's classrooms, which have large windows but minimal overhead light sources, is impairing student academic performance and teacher morale. Records show that during December and January, the two months with the fewest hours of daylight, attendance rates fall, average daily class participation drops, and grades decline. Teacher resignations are also highest during these months. According to a study of Tundra Vocational School, which experiences entire seasons with little daylight, students' grade point averages increased when Day Glow light bulbs, which mimic sunlight, were installed in classrooms. This study suggests that Sherwood can improve students' academic performance and teachers' morale by using Day Glow light bulbs in winter." In the memo, the Principal of Shrewood Junior High School recommends for installing Day Glow light bulbs in the classrooms during December and January, for boosting up teachers' morale and improving students' academic performance. To support the statement, author showed the records of decrease in students' attendance and high rate of teachers' resignations during winter period. To support this recommendation the memo points out the average increase in grade points of students of Tundra Vocational School, who implemented the above change. Further, the author claims installation Day Glow bulbs in Sherwood High 's classrooms during December and January would enhance the students' academic performance and teacher's morale. After careful scrutiny I found the evidence offered in support of the recommendation provides no credible support for it. Firstly, the memo relies on assumption that minimum light sources are the cause for impairing students' academic performance and teacher morale. It is possible that decrease in students' academic performance is because of some another reason rather than insufficient time. It is entirely possible that during those two months, that in December and January, various school activities are in the spotlight, thus distracting the students' attention from studies. Also, it is possible that many teacher might be involved in those activities of school that's why were not able to pay enough attention towards students. Thus, the author cannot claim that scarcity of light is solely responsible for students' reduced academic performance and teachers' morale. Secondly, the dropping of attendance rate and the higher rate of staff resignation does not essentially prove that Shrewood Junior High's classrooms demands for more light. It is possible that the high rate of teachers' resignation is because they prefer to go for vacation during that period. Moreover, it is entirely possible that those two months consists of lot of holidays thus students' prefer to visit some of their relatives during those months. This might attribute to lower rate of attendance during those two months. Thus the decrease in attendance rate and the high rate of staff's resignation does not validate author's claim. Finally, Tundra Vocational School might lacks enough facilities of windows or might be surrounded by many huge trees, which restricts the sufficient amount of light in classrooms. Moreover, the increase in the average grades of students' in Tundra Vocational School might because of excellent teacher staff and improved methods of teachings. Thus, author cannot claim that Day Glow bulbs are the only reason for increase in student's performance. In sum, the argument is specious. To strengthen the argument, author must provide survey report of teachers' and students' complaining about insufficient daylight. TO further strengthen the argument the author must provide the evidence that the decrease in student's performance and teachers' morale is because of lack of light. Moreover, the author should provide valid data conforming that the average increased performance of students' of Tundra Vocational School is only because of Day Glow bulbs and not any other factor contributes to this achievement.

188"Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and--, eventually, --to change it." Do academic and professional success both involve surviving in new environment and have capacity to change it, as issue statement claims? In my opinion, success in any field is helpful to sustain in new environment. However, the extent to which these fields bring change to the environment depends on the type under consideration. Considering the academic success, I concede that as students progress from first grade to higher grades, then to college, they must acquire the new environment that includes campuses, colleges, teachers and teaching styles. Their success at each step ensures their position in the new environment. For example, today’s world of computers and Internet has brought vast changes in educational systems. Students who fail to adapt to this change will find themselves falling behind the pace of their peers. Furthermore, while considering whether academic success supports to change the environment or not. In my opinion, apart from above stated environmental changes, academic environment remain staid otherwise. The academic success is totally dependant on students' inherent capabilities and efforts. Besides, to assert that academic success brings about change in environment is tantamount to changing the teaching methods or physical surroundings of that particular institution, which is illogical. Turning next to professional success, consider the professions of medicine and scientific research. In either of fields, for being successful both professions have to adapt new technologies for better ways of survival. A physician must adapt advanced ways to treat and prevent diseases. Thus, to keep in pace with the rivals, medical practitioner has to change the environment as per requirements. Similarly, in scientific researches, any triumph in this field is intended to change the environment. Our history is replete with examples where several ingenious people invented new technologies and concepts successfully and which are now part and parcel of our lives. In sum, as far as success in academic profession is considered, it brings about change in individual's environment rather than academic environment. The author's claim is valid insofar for professional success, in which success ultimately brings changes in the surroundings.

81. "Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress." Does patriotic reverence for the history of a nation impede out progress? The issue statement asserts so. However, in my view, deference for our freedom fighters encourages us for doing progress. Moreover, study of history acts as tutelage in our real life. Therefore, I strongly disagree with the issue statement. Firstly, we should be gratified of all our martyrs, who bravely sacrificed their lives for achieving independence. Their stories give us courage to fought against our daily life fallacies and adversities. For example, Mahatma Gandhi, a freedom fighter of India, strived hard for unshackling India from British government. His non-violence movement for getting independence shows his perseverance in extreme conditions. We should be obliged and respectful to all our patriots, because of whom we are breathing in a democratic nation. Furthermore, respect for the history of nation help us for edifying the mistakes done by our ancestors. Revealing through history, we would understand that how insatiable lust for power and wealth would become the cause for destruction. For example, the tyrants like Hitler, who used to suppress people's feelings and opinions in long-term practice invariably resulted in downfall. Thus, respect for the history teaches us many things that we can implement in out real life. Therefore, patriotic reverence for history encourages us rather than impede. Additionally, the culture and arts of which we are part now can be studied only through history. The drastic changes in human life are reflected through history. Study of history makes us cognizant about development in civilization and the efforts of our ancestors for making our lives comfortable. Knowledge of all these things initiates a feeling of respect within our hearts for our ancestors. Moreover, it fosters our spirits for the development of our nation. In sum, patriotic reverence for the history of nation is not impediment for the progress but it contributes for the welfare of the nation. History is full of anecdotes, which insists us to think. Respect for the history of nation acts as a guide for us and renders path for our bright future.

016 The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper from a citizen of the state of Impecunia. "Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenues for education and public health. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than our state's program does. If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria, the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program. The new lottery would doubtless be successful, because a survey conducted in our capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling." In this editorial, the author concludes that by establishing lottery the state of Impecunia could use the profits in enhancing public health programs and education. To support this conclusion the author states that the neighboring state Lucria established the lottery two years ago and today spending more on pupil's health program and education. Further, author quote that Impecunia residents spends average of $50 per person per year on gambling, which ensures the success in establishing lottery in Impecunia state. After careful scrutiny, I found the argument lacks proper evidences and hence lends little credible support to the argument. Firstly, the fact the Lucria now spends more money on its residents does not support to the argument. It might be possible that the health and education standard is Lucria is much higher before establishing lottery. Lacking evidence that Lucria state receives successful revenues from lottery only, author cannot claim that Lucria spends more amounts for public health care and education through raised revenues. Moreover, it might be possible that the revenues for Lucria state's enhanced health program and education comes from different other sources. Thus lack of proper evidence disproves the claim that only lottery revenues are the major cause for Lucria's efficient health programs and education. Secondly, the fact that Lucria's health programs treat more people than Impecunia's programs leads no support for the argument. Perhaps Lucria's population is more than that of Impecunia. Also, we cannot deny the possibility that On average, Lucria stats has more older people than in Impecunia, who need frequent medical check up. Therefore,without actual estimation about average age of people in both cities, author cannot assure that Lucria's health programs treats more pupil than Impecunia's. Thirdly, the survey report depicting that Impecunia's denizens spends $50 per person in a year for gambling somewhat strengthens the claim. But, it is entirely possible that they might spend in gambling when they are on travel or in different city for vacation. Thus, it weakens the possibility that the residents of Impecunia would prefer to gamble in their own city. Thus in absence of evidence of willingness of Impecunia's citizens for gambling in their city, author cannot claim that lottery will be profitable. In sum, the argument fails to convince that the lottery would be profitable in and would serve to improve Impecunia's health programs and education. To strenghten the argument, author must provide evidence about Lucria state's expenditure on health programs and education before and after the lottery revenues. Further, to support the argument's conclusion, author must provide evidence to prove that Lucria's enhanced education and health care programs are solely through lottery profits. The author must also provide clear evidence of the willing ness of Impecunia residents to participate broadly in lottery.

132 The university community consists of three different worlds—the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. The issue statement asserts that the difference between the sciences, the humanities and the social sciences are so manifest that people considered them totally unrelated fields. Even though each the sciences, the humanities and the social sciences operate on its own assumptions, I strongly believe that there is meaningful interaction between the three and together they develop a meaningful world to thrive. Firstly, science is a discipline that focuses it attention in researches and innovation of technologies that are beneficial to human being. They have to struggle hard for achieving their aim. While marching towards their goal they have to take help of humanity, which includes human psychology. While devising any technology they have to first consider the reflections of human behavior for their invention. Or, in another words, how people will react to their innovation. Thus, they have to survey about human traits and their requirements. Thus, in one or another way, they are interrelated with humanities. Secondly, psychology is one of the faculties of humanity. Several researches are performed on human psychology to understand the basic nature of human race. While performing experiments on human behavior, researches have to seek help from technology. Since technology has gifted us many diversified instruments that with their help we can analyze what's going on in human mind. Therefore, the sciences succumb the humanities for gaining fruitful results in study of human psychology. Thirdly, without interaction of the social sciences, the sciences and the humanities are incomplete. For example, for doing researches in archeology, the knowledge of social sciences is an indispensable need. With the knowledge of social sciences we can find out the approximate age of the artifacts and fossils. Moreover, the study of culture and religion of different countries reveals the nature of respective inhabitants. Consequently, this knowledge contributes in understanding differences in human behavior. In sum, when it comes to the study of social sciences, the humanities and the sciences, we would reveal that even though their study patterns are different they are closely interrelated with teach other. Also, the three different fields of endeavor would be paralyzed in absence of any one.

006 The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe. "A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe, and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight. Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money." In the application for loan it is mentioned that opening of jazz music club in Monroe would be tremendously profitable enterprise. To support the conclusion, the author stated the popularity of jazz music among Monroe people. Moreover, it has mentioned the nationwide study, which concludes that normal jazz fan spends $1000 per year on jazz entertainment. Thus the profit of jazz music club is manifest. After careful scrutiny I found this argument specious. Firstly, the author claims that over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer. But, it essentially does not prove that people would like to spend their time and money in newly opened jazz music club, the C Note. It is entirely possible that Monroe's jazz festival is most popular show and this might be the reason for attending the jazz festival of Monroe. Also, it might be possible that the percentage of people from other cities is greater than that of Monroe. Thus, it invalidates the claim that jazz is extremely popular in Monroe. Secondly, the reason that several jazz musicians live in Monroe is might be the good surroundings and locality of Monroe. It does not necessarily prove that Monroe people are highly predisposed to jazz music than any other music. Moreover, sufficient data or survey is not provided for claiming that radio program 'Jazz Nightly' is the highest rated program in Monroe. Thus, it disproves the claim that Monroe people love jazz music. Thirdly, a nationwide study about jazz fan essentially does not depict the love for jazz music in Monroe. It might be true that typical jazz fan spends close to $1000 per year on jazz music, but it might be the case the in Monroe percentage of jazz lovers is much less. Thus, author cannot conclude that inauguration of jazz club, the C Note, would essentially profitable. In sum, the argument seems baseless and unwarranted. To bolster the argument, author must provide sufficient evidence; the people living in Monroe are jazz fan and love to spend money for the same. Further, author should prove that the love for jazz music would lasts for long time among residents of Monroe, to ensure the profit of the jazz club.

46 Although black bears are common in the eastern Canadian province of Labrador, grizzly bears—often similar in color, but much larger—were believed to exist only in the western provinces. Despite a nineteenth-century explorer's account of having startled and narrowly escaped from a grizzly bear deep in the woods in Labrador, modern scientists find no physical evidence that grizzly bears have ever lived in Labrador. But recent research into the language and legends of the Innu, a people who have lived in Labrador for thousands of years, reveals that their language has words for two different kinds of bears, and their ancient legends attribute different characteristics to the two kinds of bears. Therefore, there probably were grizzly bears in Labrador, and the explorer's account probably accurately identified the bear. The argument claims that explorer's account existed at nineteenth century probably identified the grizzly bears. According to them grizzly bear was living in the deep woods of eastern Canadian province of Labrador. To support the claim that author stated that, in the recent research it is found that the people who have lived in Labrador for thousands of year has words for two different kinds of bear. After careful scrutiny I found this argument baseless. Firstly, it is mentioned that grizzly bears are often similar in color with the black bears, which were common in eastern Canadian province of Labrador. So, without any strong evidence one cannot claim that grizzly bears were once living in Labrador. It might be the case that because of similarity in color, people might thought black bear as grizzly bears. IT is stated that no physical evidence of grizzly bears are found in Labrador. Thus, without any solid proof, author cannot claim that grizzly bears were found in Labrador. Secondly, the study of language and legends of Innu, not essentially prove that grizzly bears were lived in Labrador. The author assumes that the recent study of Innu language reveals two words for different kinds of bear. But, this is not the sufficient evidence to prove that the bear other than black bear was grizzly bear. The author should provide strong proof that the two words define black and grizzly bear only. Lack of sufficient data disproves the claim that grizzly bears once existed in Labrador. Thirdly, while studying about the ancient legends of Innu, author claims that in research they found different characteristics for two kinds of bears. But nowhere, it is confirmed that the two different characteristics depicts black bear and grizzly bear. It is entirely possible that the characteristics of two different kinds of bear attribute to some bear other than grizzly. Thus, lack of proper evidence refutes the author's claim. In sum, the argument seems unwarranted and illogical. To bolster the argument, author must provide sufficient evidence to prove that the two kinds of words used for bear are for black bear and grizzly bear only. Also, author should prove that the legends depicting the two characteristics of bears include grizzly bear.

205. The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Amburg's Chamber of Commerce. "Last October the city of Belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district, and vandalism there declined almost immediately. The city of Amburg has recently begun police patrols on bicycles in its business district but the rate of vandalism there remains constant. Since high intensity lighting is apparently the most effective way to combat crime, we should install such lighting throughout Amburg. By reducing crime in this way, we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city." In the recommendation from president of Amburg it is suggested that they should install lighting in its central business district. To support this claim the author states the high intensity lighting on business district would decline the vandalism. After care ful scrutiny I find this argument specious. Firstly, the author claims that the city Of belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district. Doing so, reduced the rate of vandalism to large extant. It is entirely possible that declination of the crime rate in central business district of Belleville is because of awareness of the people and tight security. Absesnce of relevant data assuring that only the high intensity light are major cause of reducing vandalism, author cannot claim such statements. Secondly, it might be possible that city of Belleville installed high intensity light in its business district because people of that district might have requested to do so. The possibility of road accidents because of bad roads might be the reason for installing lights in that area. Without mentioning the reason behind installing lighting in city of Belleville, the author cannot say confidently that it has minimized crime rates. Thirdly, the recently begun security of police patrol in Amburg city might affect after certain period of time. Moreover, it might contribute to decline crime to certain extant. It is supposed to be more powerful media of reducing crime rates rather than just installing high intensity lightening in business district area. Additionally, installing such lighting throughout the Amburg would create economic burden over the city government. Thus without having sufficient evidence that high intensity lights helps to reduce the overall crime rate, it would be impractical to do such hugh expenditures. In sum, the argument seems unwarranted. To bolster the argument, the author should provide sufficient evidences to prove his claim. The author should prove that installation of high intensity light are only the source of declination of crime in city of Belleville and it would remain secured in future also.

please read this one and not the previous!!!!!!!!!! 200 The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others. What increases the self-knowledge, solitude or interaction? The issue statement asserts that isolation is the key for enhancing self-knowledge. However, in my opinion, knowledge has no boundaries and thus more we interact with others more we get cognizant. Thus, I totally disagree with the issue statement. One imperative factor for accumulating knowledge is mutual sharing through conversation. Probably anyone would agree that knowledge is increased by sharing among people rather than keeping to us. Through intellectual sharing of information one get aware with new concepts and latest technologies, which would not be acknowledged through solitude. This world consists of people possessing distinct talents and abundant abilities. Indisputably, one cannot acquire all talents or become genius in every field. Therefore, for making ourselves sentient about the abilities that we do not posses, we should develop interaction with the people. Furthermore, sharing of information through interaction increases our general awareness as well as we get precious information about other cultures and disciplines. For example, Unites States is a cosmopolitan country, where people from different countries abide. In a work place having a Chinese or Mexican or Indian colleague is quite manifest. A friendly conversation between two colleagues would contribute in enhancing the self-knowledge about different countries as well as different traditions and heritage. This will also develop the healthy relationship among the co-workers. In contrast, loneliness would result in confining the knowledge rather than increasing. In solitude, the talent that one person possessing would not be revealed to others and vice-versa. Eventually, the lack of mutual co-ordination would result in depreciation of knowledge. For example, knowledge is like flowing water, which is cheerful and incessant. If we try to restrict this flow of knowledge, it becomes stagnant and cheerless. In sum, the true appreciation of the knowledge is gained through interaction with different people. Solitude might end up in depression and thus would not contribute in increasing the self-knowledge.

200 The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others. What increases the self-knowledge?,solitute or interaction? The issue statement asserts that isolation is the key for enhancing self-knowledge. However, in my opinion, knowledge has no boundries and thus more we interact with others more we get cognizant.Thus, I totally disagree with the issue statement. One imperative factor for accumulating knowledge is mutual sharing through conversation. Probably anyone would agree that knowledge is increased by sharing among people rather than keeping to ourselves. Through intellectual sharing of information one get aware with new concepts and latest technologies, which would not be acknowledged through solitute. This world consists of people possessing distinct talents and abundant abilities. Indisputably, one cannot acquire all talents or become genious in every field. Therefore, for making ourselves sentinet about the abilities that we do not posses, we should develop interaction with the people. Furthermore, sharing of information through interaction increases our general awareness as well as we get precious information about other cultures and disciplines. For example, Unites States is a cosmopolitian country, where people from different countries abides. In a work place having an Chinese or Mexican or Indian colleuge is quite manifest. A friendly conversation between two collegues would contribute in enhancing the self-knowledge about different countries as well as different traditions and heritage. This will also develop the healthy relationship among the co-workers. In contrast, loneliness would result in confining the knowledge rather than increasing. In solitude, the talent that one person possessing would not be revealed to others and vice-versa. Eventually, the lack of mutual co-ordination would result in depreciation of knowledge. For example, knowledge is like flowing water, which is cheerful and incessant. If we try to restrict this flow of knowledge, it become stagnant and cheerless. In sum, the true appreciation of the knowledge is gained through interaction with different people. Solitute might end up in depression and thus would not contribute in increasing the self-knowledge.

72. "One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities." The most important characteristics of the societies are diversified into two categories, economical development and cultural perseverance. Thus by only analyzing major cities we cannot recognize the most important characteristics of a society. A detailed analysis of major cities as well as small towns would attribute to understand the peculiarities of the society. Thus, I partially agree with the issue statement. First of all let us consider the role of major cities in defining society’s major characteristics. While accounting for economic or industrial development, metro cities certainly exhibit the important characteristics of the society. They are supposed to be heart of the country, like New York in US, Paris in France or London in Britain. The advancement in the technology, as well as the new trends of living styles can be depicted through the major cities. Thus, the major characteristics of society that embraces technical or economic advances can be easily understood by studying the major cities Secondly, important characteristics of the society can also be delineated through its culture and art. It can be best analyzed in suburbs or in rural areas. Any nation’s cultural traditions such as folk art, traditional songs, crafts, customs and ceremonies burgeon in small towns and rural areas. Thus, nation’s distinct cultural traditions can flourish in small towns rather than in big cities. Hence, study of small town along with major cities reveals the actual individuality of any society. The societies of any nation can be best recognized by its distinctive nature from other countries. Hence, just considering the major cities would not reveal the true characteristics of that society. Due to globalization, the major cities are more like cosmopolitan; where people from different countries abides. Thus, in major cities mostly the mixed culture breeds. Therefore, from cultural point of view, major cities hardly denote important characteristics of the societies. Therefore careful study of small towns is important to understand the complete characteristics of the society. In sum, the major characteristics of the society can be understood by studying major cities as well as the rural areas. One depicts the economic advancement of the nation and the other portraits the cultural traditions of that nation respectively.

Thanks roohi................... appriciate your help, here are some more............ NO(9)-5 MISER:STINGY::loner:solitary AQUEDUCT:WATER::artery:blood ENZYME:CATALYZE::bacterium:microbe LIEN:CLAIM::subpoena:command VERBOSITY:WORDS::floridness:embellishments QUIXOTIC:IDEALISTIC::touchy:sensitive PREEMPT:PRECEDENCE::acquire:possession MALINGER:AIL::flatter:appreciate ARBOREAL:TREES::sidereal:stars ORCHESTRA:INSTRUMENTAL::choir:vocal TROPHY:CONTESTANT::honors:student LISTENER:EAVESDROPPER::observer:spy FIDGET:NERVOUSNESS::cring:dread DORMANT:INACTIVITY::malleable:plasticity WAFT:PLUMMET::meander:dash PRUDISH:PROPRIETY::finicky:quality POSEUR:SINCERITY::recluse:gregariousness MORALISTIC:PRINCIPLED::pedantic:learned thanks sonali I think for this relationship, QUAFF:SIP::stride:mince they r antonyms becoz quaff means drink completely and sip means drink in small quantitity........ thanks for your help

hi all, please expalin me the bridge in following NO(9)-4 DENTURE:TEETH::toupee:hair PROFESSIONAL:ROOKIE::soldier:recruit SCRIPT:PLAY::score:symphony BUOYANT:SINK::insoluble:dissolve CRAWL:PROCEED::dwindle:decrease ELEGY:SORROW::eulogy:admiration FRIEZE:ORNAMENT::pillar:support DECELERATE:SPEED::enervate:vitality DESPOTIC:TYRANNY::generous:liberality RUST:CORROSION::dew:condensation ANTENNA:SIGNAL::net:fish ENCLOSE:PARENTHESES::separate:comma WAG:HUMOROUS::dolt:stupid CLAIM:LEGITIMATED::hypothesis:confirmed FIRM:IRONCLAD::smart:brilliant FOIL:METAL::veneer:wood LEAVE:ABSCOND::take:steal QUAFF:SIP::stride:mince thanks sonali

135. "While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use of technology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these problems." It is true that most of the environmental problems arouse from the use of technology. However, it would be unfair to depend only on technology to find the solutions of these problems. Thus, contending the author’s view, which is stated in the issue statement, I believe that we should also assist the technology in diminishing the reverse factors that are threatening the environment. Admittedly, technology has gifted us many utilities, which are now part and parcel of our lives. Although it is true that advancement in technology has enlighten our lives but at the same time improper use of these technologies has disturbed the ambience. For example, one of the major factors that are affecting the environment is the pollution. The noxious gases coming out from an industry are making our air defiling. Moreover, development of lands for home purposes leads to the deforestation, which is aggravating the pollution. Nevertheless, it is not the fact that technicians and environmental researchers are not investigating any remedies for it. Many constraints are placed on factories and motor vehicles for reducing smog-producing chemicals. Also, several projects of tree plantation, in the areas where pollution effects are severe, are undertaken by government. We can also keep our area pollution-free by encouraging our neighbors and friends for planting and nurturing the trees rather than cutting them. After a careful scrutiny, we can find that human beings themselves creating the environment problems for the society. For instance, many factories and industries, for their convenience, pour the harmful chemical wastages and toxic substances into river thus making the water polluted. This defiled water is becoming the home of several fatal diseases and disorders. Therefore, as a citizen, it is our responsibility to prevent all these illegal activities and help the government to make our environment clean and pollute free. In sum, it is undeniable that environment problems came along with the technology development and its use in our daily life, but we can atleast try our best to minimize these problems rather than just depend on technology to find solution for it.

158 The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students' education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects. Should arts be given as much emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects? The speaker asserts so. Although I agree that to some extent art is important in our life, it is not as vital as other mainstream subjects that mentioned above. According to me, the importance of arts is greatly determined by individual interests and involvement. Admittedly, subjects like music, dance, and visual arts should be included in student’s curriculum. The student, who cannot cope in subjects like mathematics and science, might get more inclined to learn music or literature. Moreover, it would give him new direction for his career. Arts are very effective in determining emotions of the human nature. That’s why it is said that the real beauty of the nature can be only seen through the aesthetic eyes of the artists. Furthermore, the study of arts is essentially depends on individual choices and interests. For example, the renowned female Indian singer Lata Mangeshkar indulges herself in the career of music since her childhood. She was greatly influenced by her father. Her songs have won hearts of millions of people and her admirers’ list is still burgeoning. Although she has had not much formal education, she developed her bright career in field of arts. In this precocious world, more emphasis is given to the subjects like mathematics, science and other mainstream because they are part and parcel of our daily life. While performing any type of transaction, knowledge of basic mathematics is an indispensable need. In contrast, for appreciating arts it is not necessary to become expert in arts or to have cognizance of it. One who is ignorant about arts can also recognize the beauty in paintings or the melodies in the songs. In sum, art should be part of student’s education. But, it is not necessary to equivalently emphasize it as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects. Regardless of the knowledge of art one can always appreciate the beauty of art.

85"Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts." Arts depict the picture of our civilization. The issue statement asserts that the integrity of arts would be threatened because of government subsidy. I tend to disagree with this statement. In my opinion, government funding to the arts will enhance the development of arts rather than menacing it. The arts are the biography of the culture and the country itself. Government funding to the arts would inspire the young artists to explore their talent and come up with flying colors. As we know creating arts is the inbuilt talent of the person who appreciates and understand aesthetic beauty. But for spreading the talent of that artist requires monetary support, which government can patronize. Thus, this will endure the memory of the artist in the form of his art-talent. Moreover, museums and art galleries requires lot of space and maintenance, which can be easily achieved with government subsidy. Even in United States, government pays special attention for flourishing arts. Also, there are several non-profit organizations that advance the arts in America. For example, Washington DC, the capital of the United States, which is enriched by impressive monuments and museums offer free entry to several museums. Eventually it helps people to understand their culture and accomplishments of their ancestors. Furthermore, it is because of government’s monetary support that we are able to preserve our historic buildings in memory of our ancestors. In India, Taj Mahal, which is known for its architectural magnificence and aesthetic beauty, is maintained by government funding. Moreover, government’s involvement in preserving or funding arts ensures its security also. In sum, funding to the arts by government would be beneficial to the artists as well as to the society. Government’s subsidy to the arts will promote artist’s creativity and also open doors of opportunity for new artists. Thus, integrity of arts would be benefited by government support.

50. "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach." The issue statement asserts that for ameliorating instruction quality at the college and university all faculties should spend their time working in their respective professions. As per my opinion, quality of instruction more depends upon how well the instructor conveys his views and knowledge to the students. Thus working outside other than academic field would attribute little to the instruction quality. Therefore, I disagree with the issue statement. All professors in colleges or universities are ingenious in their respective field. There are several distinct courses available in colleges or universities like literature, arts, science, mathematics, etc. For many subjects, practical knowledge is of minimal importance than the theoretical knowledge. In field like literature, what is more important is how well the instructor imparts his valuable knowledge to students. For example, for explaining the gist of any poem it is not necessary that one should be poet. Therefore, quality of instruction can be enhanced by proper communication among students and faculty. Teaching is an art in itself. Even if the professor has working experience in his relevant field but not able to communicate his knowledge properly then what is the use of his experience in improving instruction quality? Instead, the professor having rhetoric communication skill can explain the relevant topic with much easier and impressive way than the person having working experience in that field. Hence, it is not beneficial that faulty should spend their time working outside other than academic world for amending instruction quality in colleges and universities. Moreover, teaching at college or university and at the same time working outside the academic world in the equivalent profession would certainly disturb the concentration of the faculty, which would further downgrade the quality of instruction. Thus universities and colleges must emphasize not only to build strong faculty but also ensure that right person is appointed for relevant subjects, which would improve instruction quality. In sum, it is not indispensable for a faculty to have work experience in their field for teaching in colleges and universities. In my opinion, knowledge along with effective communication skill is the prerequisite for improving instruction quality.

044 - Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear. Should government stop funding scientific researches whose outcomes are unclear? The issue statement asserts so. In my opinion, not funding is not the solution for such kind of issues, because doing so will surely halt the progress of the nation. Improper use of any technologies would surely led to disaster in the country. Therefore, government should imply strict restrictions over the improper use of such technologies. Thus, I am not in accordance with the issue statement. Scientific researches devise different technologies that are beneficial to the society as well as to the country if handled properly. As every coin has two sides, every technology comes up with certain disadvantages. For example, use of laser beams is dominant in fields like medical and electronics. The laser surgery is boon for the patients suffered from lethal diseases like cancer. Some laser beams that can pass through superficial layers of tissue are useful in complicated dermatology and eye surgeries. However, laser surgeries can also involves risks if not practiced safe. It can permanently burn or destroy healthy tissues and cause painful injuries to the patient. Moreover, error or inaccuracies in laser eye surgeries can worsen patient’s vision as well. To avoid these consequences, professionally trained surgeons in laser use are recommended. If government had not funded invention of laser beams because of few disadvantages, we would have deprived of such advanced treatment. Furthermore, nuclear energy is the cardinal source for large amount of power. On the one hand several nuclear power plants are now facilitating electricity to many cities and on the other hand, the invention of the nuclear bomb is also threatening people. Thus, even if technologies are invented for well being of the country, some miscreants can misuse them for devastation of the country. Thus, government should pay more attention over the proper use of the invented technology rather than ceasing the process of scientific researches. Because, if government halts funding technologies whose consequences are unclear then it will ultimately impede the process of development of the nation. In sum, the future consequences of any scientific research based on for what purpose it is used. Thus, instead of not funding researches whose consequences are unclear government should take precautions while utilizing such technologies. Since most of the technologies, if handled properly, has been proved advantageous for the nation.

143 Artists should pay little attention to their critics.* Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artist's creativity. *those who evaluate works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc. The statement assets that critics tends to restrain artist’s creativity, so for this reason artists should pay little attention to their criticism. I strongly agree with the statement. Although critic can help to understand and appreciate arts, more often the result is counterproductive to achieving the objective of art. It is true that critics can help us understand and interpret art, for example a critic from a person who has significant knowledge about the artist’s work can illustrate specific insights about that work that the layperson cannot recognize otherwise. Moreover, critic acts as a judge in evaluating which arts worth our time and attention. We know that, “good” critics help us appreciate the complexities and the subtleties of works of art. Also, a critic can provide feedback to artists, and constructive criticism can result in better work. However, criticism is not always fruitful to the artists, the negative impact of criticism can undermine and constrain the artist’s creativity. Harsh criticism can develop a feeling of being incapable of creating any productive work of art among the artists. Critics should be given in such a way that it should suggest some improvements, if required, in artist’s work without hurting artist’s feelings. Any artist, or anyone who has studied art, would agree that true art is the product of artist’s authentic passion, his unique creativity and high spirits. Thus, art is more related to emotional feelings, thus true value of art can only be determined only when it impacts our senses, spirits and souls. For better work, the passion of the artist should remain everlasting, for this purpose artists should overlook that critics which attenuate their high spirits and morally affect their inbuilt talent. In sum, constructive criticism explores artist’s creativity but artist should ignore critics that hamper his or her spirits of developing creative arts. Artists, through their work of arts, provides invaluable and unique mirror of the culture and time. Thus criticism more often tends to obscure this mirror than illuminating it.

178. It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people's behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds. Laws are meant for restraining people’s illegal behavior that might be harmful to the society. In my opinion, although laws cannot reform human nature, they can influence people’s deepest thoughts. Thus, I partially agree with the issue statement. Legislation passes different laws that restrict people’s abnormal behavior and insane desires. Different laws like from violation of traffic rules to the death sentence are passed by legislation to attenuate crime from the country. Since law violators has to face severe punishment, a feeling of safety origins among people mind and they start respecting and obeying the law system. In country like US, people respect and obey laws because they know that no one can escape from the punishment, either monetary or physical, for violation of any law it may be traffic violation or a felony. Laws are not only meant for giving punishment but also to gain our rights of freedom. People having respect for their laws, practices or customs often look for it as guidance. For example, Child Marriage Restrain Act was passed to restrain the solemnization of child marriages, which was a traditional customary in many regions of the world. As per this Act, early marriages violets the rights of personal freedom and growth, thus anyone who performs, conducts or direct child marriage would be punished. When one person gets punishment for performing illegal behavior, it is a lesson for people to eschew such behavior. Thus laws restrict people’s mind from doing any wrong deeds, because once he caught in hands of law there is no escape from it. However, it is impossible to completely reform human nature and his illicit behavior, the 11th September attack on World Trade Center is the victim of such uncontrollable behavior of human nature. In sum, it is true that laws cannot change what is in people’s hearts and minds but atleast restrict people’s mind from doing any illegal task. When people respect their laws and consider it as guidance, it certainly affects their deepest thoughts in minds as well as in hearts.

plz comment!!!!!!!!!!!!!![w00t] 128 It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free. It is manifest that purpose of education is to free our mind and the spirit as stated in the issue statement. But, the next statement stating that in reality formal education restrain our minds and spirits rather than set it free is true to some extent, but not always. Thus, I partially agree with the later issue statement. Education creates a specific path for our ambition. Formal education is the pathway that led us up to our destination. It is a continuous process in which we increase our education level as we merge to next standard. Moreover, education enhances our thinking power. We can think more reasonably and critically over any political, social and moral matters. Thus good education always tends to set up our mind free from fetters of unreasonable affairs. Indisputably, education tends to boost up spirits rather than restraining. Revealing through history we will observe many example where education has attributed to heighten the spirits rather than diminishing it. For example, iconoclasts like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King were highly educated as well as spiritual leaders. Also, education is not the only factor that restrains our minds and spirits but several other factors such as society, family background and surroundings attributes to it. Nevertheless, it is true that to some extent formal education restrain our minds and spirits. In this world of tough competition, students have to study arduously and continuously for their bright future. In doing so, their mind always remains engaged in some or another activity. The overburden of education loses their ability to think by themselves. Sometimes failure in their designated task lowers down their spirits and might attribute to adverse effects. In sum, human mind can never be free. It has inherent tendency to think over any matter, but education help to think us in proper direction and tackle any problem easily and efficiently. However, sometimes, tough competition in education could attribute in restraining our minds and spirits rather than set them free.

53. "College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government." Should government fully finance all students going to college and university? As per my opinion, such type of financing would not be fair and impractical for the government. I think, the government should facilitate financing for poor and needful students rather than everyone. Also, free college and university education for all students will minimize its importance and necessity. Firstly, full financing for college and university students demands involvement of huge amount for the government. Moreover, there are several public institutes that rely entirely on government for monetary support. For example, the public health centers, adult education centers and the orphanages survive on the funding supplied by government. Therefore, free education to all college and university students will unnecessarily encumber the government financially. Secondly, most of the people would agree with my opinion that the importance of anything diminishes if it is given for free. So the same will happen if the government offers free college and university education to all students. It would hardly matter for a student, who is least interested in studies and his carrier, to remain in the same class for years because it is free. In advanced countries like USA, we will see that reputed universities and colleges demand for higher percentage as well as educational fees. Thus for recognizing importance of anything we have to pay for it. Lastly, it is not the case that the government has not provided any facilities for education. In most of the countries, students get free school education. As per my opinion it is a great facility given by the government. Because I think, free school education help student for getting a descent job and at the same time continue his further college education. Thus he can easily earn money for his college or university educational fees. Moreover, the government has provided promotions such as scholarship, assistantship for talented students. Also, people whose income is below poverty threshold are eligible for financial assistance and many other educational facilities by the government. In sum, the government has provided many financial facilities for the needed students for their college and university education. Thus, it is not necessary for the government to fully finance college and university education for all students, which would certainly overburden the government budget. Moreover, the education has its own value, which is inevitable for all students.

043 "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards." The issue statement contends that for successful leadership a leader should follow highest ethical and moral standards. I agree with whatever issue statement suggests, because effective leadership requires adherence to highest ethical and moral standards. It is the obligation of any business public official to satisfy consumer’s needs along with protecting and preserving the natural environment. In the business realm, successful leadership is generally defined as that which achieves goal of company’s profit maximization at the same time maintains highest moral and ethical standards. It is the business leader’s responsibility to do no intentional harm to their customers or their society in which they operate. This means they should supply high quality products and at the same time ensure safe and healthy environment by implementing proper pollution control measures. In political realm, highest ethical and moral standards play cardinal role in defining successful political leadership. These despots should utilize their power in favor of maintaining solace in the country. In the filed of politics, ethical and moral failures adversely affect the ability of a leader to lead successfully. For example, Bill Clinton’s sex scandal has produced considerable resentment among people and it spoiled his image as an effective leader. History is replete with examples where leaders failed invariably for not maintaining ethnical and moral standards. Consider leaders such as Stalin and Hitler, whom most people would agree were the egregious violators of public morality. Ultimately, such leaders forfeit their leadership as a result of immoral means by which they obtain their power. As per my opinion, amoral public behavior might serve a political leader’s interest in preserving power; long term such behavior invariably results in leader’s downfall. In contrast, consider iconoclasts Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, for example, were the effective and successful leaders who maintained highest ethnic and moral standards throughout their life. In short, high standard of morality is the prerequisite for successful leadership. In sum, history informs us that effective business and political leadership requires highest ethnical and moral standards. Thus, it is the obligation of every public official to maintain public morality while dealing with the society.